我国生物质具有储量丰富，分布广泛的特点，是一种可靠的低碳替代燃料，由于生物质燃料同时具有储能属性，合理有效地利用生物质，对于实现我国低碳/零碳的排放目标，构建以新能源为主体的电力系统具有重要作用。为此，系统综述了国外生物质利用政策及发电技术的发展现状和趋势，结合我国生物质特点及电力生产需求目标，对我国未来生物质利用途径开展深入分析。高效煤电+生物质混烧是全球范围内煤电低碳转型发展的主要方向，具有技术成熟、成本较低、利用形式灵活等优势，是英国、瑞典等国家实现碳中和的关键措施，在有效的政策激励下得到了快速发展。目前我国燃煤机组发电能效水平已显著提升，继续改进技术提升能效已不能满足火电大幅度降碳需求。燃煤发电的碳减排需要原料减碳和尾气固碳2方面着手进行，而生物质发电是一种原料减碳的有效措施。我国在发展高效先进节能煤电的基础上，应先立后破，大力发展生物质火电取代煤电，最终实现煤电的零碳化转型，因此煤电升级改造+生物质混烧+碳捕集、利用和封存（CCUS）的技术路径对我国最终实现2060碳中和具有重要战略意义。未来我国生物质发电技术的发展应注重3个方面：根据我国生物质资源情况及利用目标，制定更合理的国家法规政策和激励政策，如碳交易体系下减免碳税、根据耦合比例灵活性颁发发电补贴、绿证交易等，对燃煤电厂混烧生物质进行约束和支持；大力发展生物质燃料产业，规范生物质的加工和收购标准，建立稳定可靠的生物质燃料的供给市场，从根本上降低原料成本，把控原料质量，这也是促进生物质利用良性发展的重要举措；开发先进可行的生物质与煤混烧，乃至100%燃烧生物质的可靠技术，国外经验表明燃煤机组高比例掺烧生物质在技术上完全可行，但我国在此方面积累的经验较少，在原料加工制备与上料、保证锅炉掺混比例较大波动下仍能高效燃烧运行、解决锅炉腐蚀结渣等方面仍需技术积累。未来低碳能源系统将是多能互补格局，生物质大规模利用还将面临原料短缺问题，需推进在边际土地上种植灌木、草类等能源植物以及现有林地改造，建立农林废弃物和能源植物的一体化收、储、运和初加工产业链，可将其与发展三农战略相结合，利国利民。

Biomass is a reliable low-carbon alternative fuel with the characteristics of abundant reserves and wide distribution in China. The reasonable and effective utilization of biomass is very important for the realization of low-carbon/zero-carbon emissions and the construction of the power system based on renewable energy in China,because biomass fuel also has the property of energy storage. To this end,the status and trends of biomass utilization policies and power generation technologies  at abroad were systematically reviewed. An in-depth analysis of China′s future biomass utilization pathways was conducted,combined with biomass characteristics and power generation demand in China. It is concluded that the main direction of the current low-carbon development of thermal power in the world is high-efficiency coal firing power technology with biomass co-firing,which has the advantages of mature technology,low cost,and flexible utilization forms. It is a key measure for the UK,Sweden and other countries to achieve carbon neutrality,and has been developed rapidly under effective policy incentives. At present,the power efficiency of coal-fired units in China has been significantly improved,and the continuous improvement of technology to increase power efficiency can not meet the demand of substantial carbon reduction. Carbon emission reduction of coal-fired power generation needs to be carried out from both carbon reduction of raw materials and carbon sequestration of the flue gas,while biomass power generation is an effective measure  to reduce carbon from raw material. On the basis of developing high-efficiency,advanced and energy-saving coal power,China should first establish and then break through,vigorously develop biomass thermal power to replace coal power,and finally realize the zero-carbon transformation of coal power. Therefore,coal power upgrading + biomass co-firing + carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS) is of great strategic significance to the ultimate realization of carbon neutrality by 2060 in China. The future development of biomass power generation technology in China should pay attention to three aspects:Firstly,more reasonable national regulations and incentive policies should be formulated according to the situation of biomass resources and utilization goals in China,such as carbon tax reduction under the carbon trading system,flexibility subsidies according to the blending ratio,green certificate transactions,etc.,to restrict and the co-firing of biomass in coal-fired power plants. Secondly,the biomass fuel industry should be vigorously developed,biomass processing and acquisition standards should be standardized,and a stable and reliable biomass fuel supply market should be established. The cost and quality of raw materials should be fundamentally reduced and controlled,which are also important measures to promote the healthy development of biomass utilization. At last,advanced and feasible co-firing,and even 100% burning technology should be developed. Foreign experience shows that high proportion of biomass mixing in coal-fired units is technically feasible,but there is less experience in this aspect. Technology accumulation is still needed in raw material processing and preparation,ensuring efficient combustion under the condition of large fluctuation in blending ratio,and solving corrosion and slagging on heating surfaces. The low-carbon energy system in the future will be a multi-energy complementary pattern,and the large-scale utilization of biomass will face the problem of shortage of raw materials,which means that it is necessary to promote the planting of energy crops such as shrubs and grasses on marginal land and the transformation of existing forest land. The integrated collection,storage,transportation and primary processing industrial chain of agricultural and forestry wastes and energy crops can be combined with the development strategy of agriculture,rural areas and farmers to benefit the country and the people.

0 引言

1 国外生物质利用综述

   1.1 国外生物质利用途径

   1.2 各国生物质耦合发电技术及政策

   1.3 生物质掺混利用经验总结

2 我国生物质低碳利用路径

   2.1 生物质低碳利用的战略分析

   2.2 生物质掺烧技术改造需求

   2.3 生物质供应链的建立

3 结语与展望