点击观看【《煤炭学报》大讲堂第23期】胡振琪：矿山生态修复的基础理论——土壤重构的理论与方法（答疑环节）

土壤是生物之基，土壤重构是矿山土地复垦与生态修复的关键和基础。本文的目的是革新土壤重构理念，凝练和提升土壤重构理论与方法，为矿区土地复垦与生态修复独特基础理论提供支撑。本文回顾了矿山复垦土壤重构的研究历史，从单元土体空间重构的视角，提出了四维重构的概念，即垂直方向（Z）的土壤剖面重构、水平方向（X，Y）的地貌重塑、时间维（T）方向的土壤改良，其中垂向剖面重构是土壤重构的核心，也是土壤重构的狭义概念。总结国内外矿山生态修复成功经验与失败教训，依据土壤发生学原理和师法自然的理念，提出了“土层生态位”和“土壤关键层”的概念，认为不同土层有其独特的生态功能和空间位置，将各个土层在空间的位置及其与相关土层之间的功能关系与作用，称之为“土层生态位”；将影响土壤整体功能和生产力的关键土层，称之为“土壤关键层”。矿山复垦土壤剖面重构的原理就是以土层生态位为理论基础、土壤关键层为构造核心，设计和优化土壤剖面构型并付诸实施的过程，其核心是优化设计各个土层生态位、确定和优化关键层。因此，土壤剖面重构方法就是在深入分析自然土壤剖面结构和损毁土地特征的基础上，基于需求确定重构土壤剖面的目标；然后对每一土层空间生态位适宜度进行分析；再通过土层生态位的空间位、宽度、重叠、差距和竞争等要素分析，确定可能的土壤剖面构型和关键层；最后通过室内外种植试验或模拟试验验证与筛选，从而获得最佳生产力功能的土壤剖面构型。基于这一原理和方法，提出了“分层剥离、交错回填”的土壤重构技术工艺原理，“分层”是满足“土层生态位”和“关键层”构造的要求，“交错”是实现土壤重构连续、高效的施工工艺，并以露天煤矿采复一体化和采煤塌陷地挖深垫浅复垦为例介绍了土壤重构工法。最后，以山东黄河泥沙充填复垦采煤沉陷地为例，介绍了土壤重构原理与方法的应用和实践。

Soil is the basis of life, and soil reconstruction is the key and foundation of mine land reclamation and ecological restoration. The purpose of this paper is to innovate the concept of soil reconstruction, simplify and improve the theory and method of soil reconstruction, and provide support for the unique basic theory of land reclamation and ecological restoration in the mining areas. This paper reviews the research history of soil reconstruction in mine reclamation and proposes the concept of fourdimensional reconstruction from the perspective of the space reconstruction of the element soil, namely soil profile reconstruction in the vertical direction (Z), landform remodeling in the horizontal direction (X,Y) and soil improvement in the time dimension direction (t). Among them, the vertical profile reconstruction is the core of soil reconstruction and is also a narrow concept of soil reconstruction. Summarizing the successful experience and failure lessons of mine ecological restoration worldwide, based on the principle of soil genesis and the concept of learning from nature, the concepts of “the niche of soil layer” and “the critical layer of soil” are put forward. It is believed that different soil layers have their unique ecological functions and spatial positions. The position of each soil layer in space and its functional relationship and role with related soil layers are called as “the niche of soil layer”. In addition, the key soil layers that affect the overall function and productivity of soils are called as “the critical layer of soil”. The principle of soil profile reconstruction in mine reclamation is the process of designing and optimizing soil profile configuration and putting it into practice with the niche of soil layer as the theoretical basis and the critical layer of soil as the core of soil reconstruction. The key is to optimize the design of the niche of each soil layer, to identify and optimize soil critical layers. Therefore, the method of soil profile reconstruction is to determine the goal of reconstructing the soil profile based on the local needs and characteristics of damaged land. Then it is to analyze the niche suitability of each soil layer. The next step is to analyze the properties of the niches of soil layer such as niche space, niche breadth, niche overlap, niche difference, and niche competition of soil layer to determine possible soil profile configurations and critical layers. Finally, through indoor and outdoor planting experiments or simulation experiments, it is to verify and determine the optimum soil profile, so as to obtain the best productivity function of soil profile configuration. Based on this principle and method, the author proposes the general technical principle of soil reconstruction called “layered stripping and staggered backfilling”. “Layering” is to meet the requirements of constructing “the niche of soil layer” and “the critical layer of soil”. “Staggering” is a construction technology that realizes continuous and efficient soil reconstruction. In addition, the soil reconstruction method is introduced by taking the concurrent mining and reclamation for openpit coal mines and the nonfill subsidence land reclamation as examples. Finally, the application and practice of soil reconstruction principle are introduced by taking the filling reclamation of coal mining subsidence with Yellow River sediments in Shandong Province as an example.