矿产资源开发所造成的环境污染与生态破坏是矿区生态环境退化的主要影响因素。干旱、寒冷、土壤贫瘠的高海拔地区，煤炭开采诱发的高寒草甸破坏、冻土层退化、生物多样性锐减等问题更加突出。在工程地质勘查和生态环境现状调查的基础上，对2003年以来青海木里煤田的生态地质环境问题及其演化规律进行了比较全面的梳理和分析，结果表明：长期大规模的煤炭开采导致矿区生态系统急剧退化、生态服务功能显著降低、地形地貌遭到破坏、生态地质环境风险不断增加，生态环境亟待整治修复，然而高寒缺氧、表土匮乏、复绿植物自我更新困难等不利因素是生态修复工程必须面对的难题。针对以上破坏问题和治理技术难题，以江仓一号井高原高寒露井联合矿区生态地质环境综合治理工程为背景，遵循“山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体”理念，坚持“节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主”的方针，以“技术可靠、经济合理、依法依规”为出发点，充分借鉴已有经验，按照“因地制宜、分区管控、消除隐患、贴近自然”的生态地质环境综合治理思路，针对性的提出了基于“渣山削坡整形+采坑回填缓坡+井巷工程保护+岩壁坡面整治+微地形地貌重塑+土壤重构与植被复绿”的采坑、渣山一体化治理模式，构建了基于“地质灾害防控+生态环境修复”理论的高原高寒矿区生态地质环境综合治理关键技术体系。采用基于“最大限度揭露原位土、优先利用剥离土、适当配以人工土”的地形地貌重塑技术和“腐熟羊板粪基础增容—商品有机肥优化提升”为核心的快速土壤改良重构技术，解决了复绿表土缺乏的问题；采用“削坡减重”和“回填压脚”相结合的边坡稳定控制技术，解决了冻融高陡复合边坡易发生变形失稳的问题；采用井上“分区施工-双向回填-缓坡推覆”和井下“锚杆-注浆加强支护”相结合的回填施工工艺与巷道保护技术，解决了浅埋巷道工程易受采坑回填扰动破坏的问题。

Environmental pollution and ecological destruction caused by mineral resources exploitation are the main factors of ecological environment degradation. For high altitude areas where have the characteristics of drought, cold and barren soil, the problems such as alpine meadow damage, permafrost degradation and biodiversity sharp decline induced by coal mining are more prominent. On the basis of engineering geological exploration and ecological environment investigation, the eco-geological environmental problems and their evolution law of the Muli coalfield in Qinghai Province since 2003 were analyzed comprehensively. The results show that long-term large-scale coal mining has led to the rapid degradation of the ecosystem, the significant reduction of ecological service function, the destruction of topography and geomorphology, and the increasing risk of ecological geological environment in the mining area. The ecological environment needs to be repaired urgently, however, the adverse factors such as alpine hypoxia, lack of topsoil, and difficulty in self-renewal of regreening plants are the problems that must be faced by ecological restoration projects. In view of the above destruction problems and treatment technical problems, the comprehensive management of eco-geological environment of Jiangcang No. 1 mine, which is the open-pit and underground combined mining area in the frigid plateau region, was taken as an example. The concept of “landscape, forest, field, lake and grass are a community of life” was followed. The principle of “saving first, protecting first and natural recovery first” was maintained. The idea of “reliable technology, reasonable economy and rule by law” was as a starting point. Drawing the lessons from existing experience, according to the eco-geological environment comprehensive management ideas of “suit measures to local conditions, zoning control, eliminate hidden dangers, close to the natural”, the integrated management mode of pit and dump site was proposed based on “slope cutting and shaping of dump site + backfilling and slow slope of mining pit + roadway protection+rock wall regulation + microtopography remodeling + soil reconstruction and vegetation restoration”. Based on the theory of “geological disaster prevention and control+ecological environment restoration”, the key technical system of comprehensive management of eco-geological environment in plateau alpine mining area was constructed. The lack of green topsoil was solved by using the topographic and geomorphological reconstruction technology based on “maximum exposure of in-situ soil, priority utilization of stripping soil, and appropriate combination of artificial soil” and the rapid soil improvement and reconstruction technology based on “basic volume increase of decomposed sheep manure and optimization of commercial organic fertilizer”. The problem of deformation and instability of freeze-thaw high-steep composite slope was solved by using slope stability control technology combined with backfilling and slope cutting. The backfill construction technology of ground “partition construction-bidirectional backfill- slow down the slope while moving forward” and the roadway protection technology of underground “anchor-grouting strengthening support” were used to solve the problem that shallow heading engineering is vulnerable to backfill disturbance.

1 煤炭开采引起的高原地区生态地质环境问题

   1.1 生态服务功能降低

   1.2 生态系统退化

   1.3 地形地貌景观破坏

   1.4 生态地质环境风险增加

2 高原高寒露井联合矿区生态地质环境治理的难点与思路

   2.1 生态地质环境治理的难点

   2.2 治理理念与工作思路

3 江仓一号井生态地质环境综合治理模式与关键技术

   3.1 采坑渣山地形地貌重塑技术

   3.2 冻融边坡稳定控制技术

   3.3 井下巷道协同保护技术

   3.4 土壤重构与植被复绿技术

   3.5 生态地质环境修复效果与环境要素一体化监测技术

4 结论