特厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压灾害频发，已成为制约矿井安全生产的最主要问题，其冲击机理及影响因素研究对特厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压灾害防控具有重要意义。

基于甘肃某矿250107-1特厚煤层掘进巷道，建立特厚煤层掘进巷道冲击失稳判别指标，采用FLAC^3D模拟特厚煤层掘进巷道围岩能量分布规律，提出特厚煤层掘进巷道围岩能量分区特征，揭示特厚煤层掘进巷道冲击机制，分析不同因素下特厚煤层掘进巷道围岩损伤程度及冲击地压发生潜在风险。

研究表明，特厚煤层掘进巷道围岩弹性应变能分为3个区域：能量积聚区、能量释放区、能量缓冲区，弹性应变能积聚区域是特厚煤层掘进巷道冲击危险主要来源，塑性耗散能积聚区域是围岩损伤主要区域。巷道开挖后受巷道开挖卸荷及掘进扰动作用影响，深部围岩弹性能量积聚程度增大，浅部围岩损伤程度增大，深部岩体积聚弹性能量大量释放并推动浅部损伤围岩瞬间位移，诱发冲击地压。巷道两帮冲击地压发生潜在风险随水平构造应力增大而增大，巷道顶底煤冲击地压发生潜在风险随开采扰动应力的增大先增大后减小，动载扰动对围岩损伤程度影响较大，冲击地压发生潜在风险区域逐渐向巷道两侧转移。提出了特厚煤层掘进巷道“卸压−降载−补强”协同防控思路，有效降低了掘进过程的冲击地压危险性，对特厚煤层掘进巷道冲击地压防治提供一定的借鉴经验。

Rock bursts occur frequently in tunneling roadways of extra-thick coal seams, significantly constraining safe coal mining. Investigating their mechanisms and influential factors is crucial to preventing and controlling such disasters in tunneling roadways of extra-thick coal seams.

Focusing on the tunneling roadway of mining face 250107-1 for an extra-thick coal seam within a coal mine in Gansu Province, this study established the discriminant indices for rock burst-induced roadway instability. By simulating the energy distribution patterns of surrounding rocks in the tunneling roadway using the FLAC^3D software, this study revealed the zonal energy characteristics of the surrounding rocks and the mechanisms behind rock bursts in the tunneling roadway. Accordingly, this study analyzed the damage degrees of surrounding rocks of the tunneling roadway and the potential rock burst risk under different factors.

The results indicate that the surrounding rocks of the tunneling roadway can be classified into areas according to elastic strain energy: energy accumulation, release, and buffer zones. The elastic strain energy accumulation zone serves as the principal source of the rock burst risk in the tunneling roadway, while the plastic dissipation energy accumulation zone is the primary damage zone of the surrounding rocks. The unloading and tunneling-induced disturbance increased both the elastic energy accumulation of deep surrounding rocks and the damage degree of shallow surrounding rocks. Then, a large quantity of the elastic energy accumulated in the deep rock masses was released, leading to the instantaneous displacement of the shallow damaged surrounding rocks. This induced rock bursts. The potential rock burst risk on both sides of the roadway increased with horizontal tectonic stress. In contrast, potential rock burst risk in coals on the top and bottom of the roadway increased and then decreased with an increase in the mining disturbance stress. Dynamic loading disturbance produced significant impacts on the damage degree of the surrounding rocks, and the potential rock burst risk gradually shifted to both sides of the roadway. Based on these results, this study proposed a synergistic rock burst prevention and control philosophy consisting of pressure relief, load reduction, and reinforcement for the tunneling roadways of extra-thick coal seams, effectively reducing the rock burst risk during roadway tunneling. This study provides a reference for the prevention and control of rock bursts in tunneling roadways of extra-thick coal seams.