我国煤矸石固废产量大、堆存量持续增加，长期堆放会造成土地资源的浪费且污染矿区环境。利用煤矸石制备高附加值化工产品、提取有用元素等固废处理方式，存在消纳能力不足等问题，难以满足大宗固废规模化处置利用和绿色矿山建设要求。

煤矸石在矿区复垦、井下充填等领域综合利用，是实现其规模化处置利用的重要发展方向。系统总结了煤矸石的物理化学特性及其资源属性，并分析了煤矸石长期堆放对矿区大气、土壤、水体等影响；以绿色矿山建设为出发点，重点介绍了煤矸石作为塌陷区复垦、地聚物注浆、固体充填、膏体充填及似膏体充填等材料的固废规模化处置与利用技术的原理、发展及应用效果。发现煤矸石复垦材料能够改善土壤性质、促进植物生长，但存在短期内重金属迁移污染环境等问题；煤矸石作为地聚物注浆材料实现了煤矸石重金属物质的有效固化，降低了重金属元素释放对环境的危害；煤矸石固体充填技术具有煤矸石处理工艺简便、辅助材料使用少的优势，但面临充填效果不均匀、污染地下水等挑战；归纳了煤矸石膏体充填材料、似膏体充填材料的原料配方及流动性优势，分析了材料的微观水化机理与流动特性，为矿井充填开采提供了关键技术支撑。最后提出目前煤矸石存在活性难以充分激发并利用、应用缺乏前期分类预处理、井下充填注浆利用成本高以及规模化利用缺乏激励性政策支持等问题。

为进一步推动煤矸石在矿区的安全高效、风险可控及规模化利用，未来将重点围绕煤矸石低成本复合活化方法、煤矸石固废利用过程环境友好性评估、煤矸石矿化封存CO₂与负碳利用等开展研究，为煤矸石“绿色−高效−高值”综合利用路径发展提供思路，提高煤矸石的规模化利用和风险防范能力，促进固废利用与绿色矿山建设的协同发展。

The coal gangue, a solid waste, features high production and a continuous increase in the amount piled in China. The long-term piling up of coal gangue will cause the waste of land resources and environmental pollution in mining areas. Various methods for utilizing coal gangue, such as preparing high-value-added chemical products and extracting useful elements, suffer a limited consumption capacity, failing to meet the requirements of large-scale disposal and utilization of solid wastes and green mine construction.

The comprehensive utilization of coal gangue for mining area reclamation and underground backfilling represents a critical direction for its large-scale disposal and utilization. This study systematically summarizes the physicochemical properties and resource attributes of coal gangue and analyzes the impacts of its long-term piling up on the atmosphere, soils, and water in mining areas. From the perspective of green mine construction, this study highlights the principles, advances, and application effects of technologies for large-scale disposal and utilization of coal gangue. These technologies include the utilization of coal gangue as materials for the reclamation of collapse areas, geopolymer grouting materials, solid filling materials, paste filling materials, and paste-like filling materials. The results reveal that when used as materials for reclamation, coal gangue can improve soil properties and promote plant growth, yet it poses challenges of short-term heavy metal migration and environmental contamination. When used as geopolymer grouting materials, coal gangue can effectively immobilize heavy metals within it, suppressing their release and reducing their damage to the environment. The solid backfilling technology tailored to coal gangue enjoys advantages including simple coal gangue processing technique and minimal consumption of auxiliary materials. However, this technology faces challenges like uneven filling and groundwater contamination. Furthermore, this study summarizes the composition and flowability advantages of coal gangue when used as paste and paste-like filling materials and analyzes its microscopic hydration mechanisms and flow properties, providing key technical support for backfill mining of mines. Finally, this study points out some issues concerning the utilization of coal gangue, including challenges in the full stimulation and utilization of the activity of coal gangue, the absence of classification and pretreatment in the early stage, high cost of utilization as underground backfilling and grouting materials, and a lack of incentive policies for large-scale utilization.

To promote the large-scale utilization of coal gangue in mining areas in a safe, efficient, and risk-controllable manner, future research will focus on the cost-effective composite activation methods, environmental friendliness assessment of utilization processes, CO₂ mineralization and sequestration, and carbon-negative utilization of coal gangue. These efforts will provide insights for the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue following the "green-efficient-high value" roadmap, expand the large-scale utilization of coal gangue, and enhance the risk prevention abilities in this regard, thus promoting the synergetic development of solid waste utilization and green mine construction.