吸能支护是地下岩体工程领域中用于提高围岩稳定性和避免冲击地压等灾害发生的一种重要的防治技术。吸能支护技术的核心原理是通过特定的结构设计，使支护体系在岩体发生位移或变形时能够有效吸收或消耗能量，从而减少由冲击载荷引发的工程破坏和事故。吸能锚杆是吸能支护的一种常见形式，此技术通过锚杆将表面围岩与深部稳定岩体相结合，并在围岩内部产生预应力吸收或耗散能量从而避免矿山灾害的发生。吸能锚杆这种柔性支护方式适用于多种环境的巷道支护，现已被广泛应用于矿山灾害的防治。综述自1968年以来30余种具有代表性意义的吸能锚杆设计方式，以结构和材料2大类型为切入点进行划分，着重分析8种典型吸能锚杆的工作原理与设计优势，并以此指出现有吸能锚杆支护在应用中存在的安全性与智能性等方面的不足。结合前人研究成果与目前深部矿井支护高强度与智能化等需求，提出一种智能预警负泊松比结构吸能锚杆。该锚杆利用负泊松比吸能结构实现增阻效果，具有双向恒阻吸能与双向监测预警等特性，能够满足复杂的非线性软岩巷道强阻支护、可视化预警等需求，有助于加快支护体系一体化，促进安全、智慧矿山的发展。最后，对吸能锚杆支护设备的优化革新趋势进行了展望。

Energy-absorbing support is an important prevention and control technology in underground rock engineering to enhance the stability of surrounding rock and prevent disasters such as rock burst. The core principle of energy-absorbing support technology is to effectively absorb or dissipate energy through specific structural designs when the rock mass undergoes displacement or deformation, thereby reducing engineering failure and accidents caused by impact loads. Energy-absorbing bolts are a common form of energy-absorbing support. This technology combines the surface surrounding rock with the deep stable rock mass through bolts and generates prestress within the surrounding rock to absorb or dissipate energy and prevent mine disasters. This flexible support method is suitable for the support of various environments in tunnel and has been widely used in the prevention and control of mine disasters. This investigation reviews over 30 representative energy-absorbing bolt designs since 1968, classifying them into two major types: structure and material. It focuses on analyzing the working principles and design advantages of eight typical energy-absorbing bolts and points out the deficiencies in the application of existing energy-absorbing bolt support in terms of safety and intelligence. Combining the valuable research results of predecessors with the current demands of high-strength and intelligent support in deep mines, an intelligent early warning negative Poisson’s ratio structure energy-absorbing bolt is proposed. This bolt utilizes a negative Poisson’s ratio energy-absorbing structure to achieve an increased resistance effect and has the characteristics of bidirectional constant resistance energy absorption and bidirectional monitoring and early warning. It can meet the demands of strong resistance support and visual early warning in complex nonlinear soft rock tunnel, which is conducive to accelerating the integration of support systems and promoting the development of safe and intelligent mines. Finally, this study provides an outlook on the optimization and innovation trends of energy-absorbing bolt support equipment.