我国煤炭开采已逐渐进入深部，随着采深的不断增加，煤层的突出风险显著升高，突出发生的频率和强度均明显增大，给深部煤炭资源的安全高效开发带来巨大挑战。首先剖析了深部不同深度下煤层开采面临的复杂应力环境，并系统研究了深部高突煤层的典型特性，阐明了深部开采诱突机制，最后提出了深部开采突出灾害防治的对策建议。研究表明：对突出煤层开采而言，深部没有一个固定深度值，而是应力、瓦斯压力和煤体强度等因素综合影响下煤层所表现出的非线性力学状态。深部煤层应力高，采动煤体呈强塑性破坏；突出煤的孔隙率低且连通性差、高应力下煤层渗透率极低；高压瓦斯高饱和赋存、低压吸附能力强；煤的基质尺度大且通达性差、瓦斯跨尺度运移难；深部煤层最大水平主应力增大，强构造应力作用下构造煤破碎程度高，在构造应力集中带内形成高压瓦斯包，导致突出风险激增。当深部开采工作面前方遇到构造软煤时，工作面附近硬煤内更容易形成强应力集中，对构造软煤内高压瓦斯的封闭作用显著增强，造成工作面前方瓦斯压力高、梯度大，煤体内的瓦斯膨胀能显著高于浅部；同时高应力下工作面前方煤体更容易发生强塑性流变破坏，诱发变形能的猛烈释放。构造煤煤体发生大变形损伤，孔裂隙空间增大；基质尺度急剧减小，被封闭的大量瓦斯快速解吸。二者共同造成游离瓦斯存储空间和压力的同步迅速增大，引发游离瓦斯膨胀能的迅速升高，当瓦斯膨胀能高于突出阈值时，大量瓦斯将破碎并抛出煤体，导致突出事故发生。基于此提出深部突出灾害防治应通过合理化采掘布置，从整体上降低采掘过程中的局部应力集中；通过超前探测准确获取煤层隐蔽构造、煤岩力学参数以及瓦斯参数等关键信息，超前识别突出风险进而施行精准防控；强调了要通过深度卸压充分释放应力，降低煤层应力集中，提高煤层渗透率，同时诱导大量低压吸附瓦斯脱附解吸，通过强力造缝增透减小基质尺度并活化基质孔隙，加速瓦斯运移如有必要采用物理化学联合增透方法，构建基质孔隙−裂隙跨尺度流动通道，提高瓦斯抽采效果，充分降低煤层气含量，最终达到超前、精准和均匀消突的目的，实现深部煤层安全高效开采。

Coal mining in China has gradually entered deep levels. With the continuous increase in mining depth, the outburst risk of coal seam has significantly increased, with both the frequency and intensity of outbursts rising noticeably, posing huge challenges to the safe and efficient development of deep coal resources. This paper first analyzes the complex stress environment faced by coal seams at different depths in deep areas, then systematically studies the typical characteristics of high-risk coal seams in deep regions, elucidates the mechanisms of outburst induction in deep mining, and finally proposes countermeasures for preventing outburst disasters in deep mining. The research indicates that for outburst coal seam mining, there is no fixed depth in deep areas, but rather a nonlinear mechanical state of coal seams influenced by factors such as stress, gas pressure, and coal body strength. In deep coal seams, stress is high, and coal undergoes strong plastic deformation when mined. The porosity of outburst coal is low, with poor connectivity, and under high stress, the permeability of the coal seam is extremely low. High-pressure gas is highly saturated in the coal seam, with strong adsorption capacity at low pressure levels. The matrix of the coal has a large scale and poor permeability, making gas migration across scales difficult. The maximum horizontal principal stress in the deep coal seams is increasing, and under strong tectonic stress, the degree of coal fragmentation is high. This leads to the formation of high-pressure gas pockets within the areas of concentrated tectonic stress, resulting in a significant increase in outburst risk. When encountering structural soft coal ahead of the mining face in deep areas, strong stress concentration is more likely to form within the nearby hard coal, which significantly enhances the sealing effect of high-pressure gas within the structural soft coal, resulting in a high gas pressure and large gradient in front of the workings. This makes the gas expansion energy within the coal significantly higher than that in the shallow part. Additionally, under high stress conditions, the coal body ahead of the woking face is more likely to undergo strong plastic rheological damage, which induces the violent release of deformation energy. Due to the large deformation damage of the tectonic coal body, the pore and fracture space increases; at the same time, the matrix scale decreases sharply, and a large amount of enclosed gas is rapidly desorbed. The two together cause the synchronized rapid increase of free gas storage space and gas pressure, which triggers the rapid increase of free gas expansion energy. When the gas expansion energy is higher than the protrusion threshold, a large amount of gas will be broken and thrown out of the coal body, leading to the occurrence of outburst accidents. Based on this, the authors propose that the prevention and control of outburst disasters in deep areas should focus on rationalizing mining layouts to reduce localized stress concentrations during mining. Furthermore, by proactively detecting and accurately obtaining key information such as concealed coal structure, coal-rock mechanics parameters, and gas parameters, the early identification of outburst risks can be achieved and precise preventive measures can be implemented. It is emphasized that stress should be fully relieved through depth unloading to reduce stress concentrations in coal seams, improve coal seam permeability, and induce the desorption of large amounts of low-pressure adsorbed methane. Additionally, it is recommended to reduce reduce the matrix scale and accelerate gas migration by strong seaming and permeability enhancing technology. Furthermore, through a physical-chemical combined enhancement method, activating matrix pores, building cross-scale flow channels between matrix pores and fractures, improving gas extraction efficiency, significantly reducing gas content in coal seams, and ultimately achieving the goal of advanced, precise, efficient, and uniform outburst prevention, and enabling safe and efficient exploitation of deep coal seams with high outburst risks.