冲击地压是深部煤矿开采面临的主要灾害之一，揭示冲击地压的发生机理是其灾害评价、预测及防治的前提和基础。采用理论分析、数值计算、模拟实验和现场实测互馈综合研究方法，在综合厘定覆岩空间结构与其力学响应内在联系的基础上，系统研究了结构瞬变激励下采场煤岩的力学响应和冲击地压的发生机理。结果显示：覆岩空间结构的力学性能和力学环境是其范围内的采场煤岩产生不同力学响应的内、外因，坚硬岩层破断等子系统的瞬时失稳，会导致覆岩空间结构大系统的瞬变，进而造成采场煤岩动态力学响应(矿震)的发生和静态力学响应的阶变。结构瞬变后，除了震源处的应变能会发生瞬变外，更大范围的煤岩应力场、位移场、应变能场和重力势能场等力学响应也会发生瞬变。结构瞬变区域上方覆岩瞬时下沉、应力骤减、应变能和重力势能的释放特征明显，结构瞬变区域外侧深部区域煤岩略有下沉、应力骤增、应变能聚集特征明显、重力势能略有释放；采场煤岩的总势能瞬时减小，这其中，总应变能瞬时增大，而总重力势能瞬时减小。同时，受坚硬岩层破断形成的卸载、回弹和下沉影响，矿震发生时，并非所有区域的煤岩都会被瞬时加载，临近结构瞬变区域的煤体会被瞬时卸载。工作面后方坚硬岩层的瞬时破断，会使走向支承压力“瞬时前移”，导致工作面前方煤体的高静载区域出现“高静载+负动载”的应力状态，而回采巷道煤体的高静载区域出现“高静载+正动载”的应力状态，造成回采巷道发生冲击地压的概率远大于工作面。在实际工程中，应基于煤岩结构与其动、静力学响应的内在关联，基于“调结构、控响应”的理念，建立针对性的防控措施。

Rock burst is one of the main disasters in deep coal mining. Revealing the mechanism of rock burst is the premise and foundation of its disaster evaluation, prediction and prevention. In this paper, theoretical analysis, numerical calculation, simulation experiment and engineering field test mutual feedback research methods are comprehensively used. Based on comprehensively determining the internal relationship between the spatial structure of overlying strata and its mechanical response, the mechanical response of coal and rock and the mechanism of rock burst under structural transient excitation are systematically studied. The results show that the mechanical properties and mechanical environment of the spatial structure of overlying strata are the internal and external causes of different mechanical responses of coal and rock in the mining area. The instantaneous instability of subsystems such as hard rock breaking, which will lead to the transient of the large system of the overlying rock space structure, and then cause the occurrence of the dynamic mechanical response (mine earthquake) and the step change of the static mechanical response of the coal rock mass in the stope. After the transient of the structure, in addition to the strain energy at the source, the mechanical response of the stress field, displacement field, strain energy field and gravitational potential energy field of the coal and rock in a larger range will also be transient. The instantaneous subsidence of overlying strata above the structural transient region, the sudden reduction of stress, and the release characteristics of strain energy and gravitational potential energy are obvious. The coal rock mass in the deep area outside the structural transient region sinks slightly, the stress increases suddenly, the strain energy aggregation characteristics are obvious, and the gravitational potential energy is slightly released. The total potential energy of coal rock mass in the stope decreases instantaneously, in which the strain energy of coal rock mass increases instantaneously, while the gravitational potential energy decreases instantaneously. At the same time, due to the influence of unloading, rebound and subsidence caused by the fracture of hard rock strata, When the mine earthquake occurs, not all the coal and rock mass in the area will be instantaneously loaded, and the coal mass near the structural transient area will be instantaneously unloaded. The instantaneous fracture of the hard rock stratum behind the working face will make the strike abutment pressure ‘Move forward instantaneously’, resulting in the stress state of ‘high static load + negative dynamic load’ in the high static load area of the coal body in front of the working face, while the stress state of ‘high static load + positive dynamic load’ appears in the high static load area of the coal body in the mining roadway, resulting in a phenomenon that the probability of rock burst in the mining roadway is much larger than that in the working face. In practical engineering, targeted prevention and control measures should be established based on the internal relevance between coal rock structure and its dynamic and static response, as well as the concept of “adjusting structure and controlling response”.