分析了“深部化”和“大型化”趋势对中国深井井筒的设计、施工与运维带来的严峻挑战。总结经验教训，指出冻结法是复杂条件下深井井筒施工最主要的地层堵水与加固工法。回顾了2002年以前国内外冻结井壁技术的状况。概述了2002年以来我国在400～800 m深厚土层中和在500～1 000 m深厚富水岩层中冻结井壁技术取得的重大突破及其应用情况，包括：冻结井筒C60～C100、CF80～CF110高承载力混凝土井壁设计与施工技术，深厚土层中冻结井壁破裂灾害防治技术，深厚富水岩层中低渗漏单层井壁技术等。针对2002年以来中国冻结井壁技术的发展，总结了井壁材料的进步；介绍了横截面、纵剖面井壁结构的发展；归纳了对土层的初始水平水土压力、内层井壁承受的水压、冻结压力、富水岩层中孔隙水引起的井壁水力荷载、井壁竖直附加力等的新认识；简述了井壁力学模型，高径向承载力井壁和内层可缩井壁的力学特性，双层复合井壁之内、外壁厚度的设计理论，含水岩层中单层井壁厚度的设计理论和内层可缩井壁的设计理论等的新进展；介绍了大厚度井壁裂漏机理及防裂技术、井壁腐蚀破坏及防治技术、信息化施工技术，以及内层可缩井壁和低渗漏单层井壁的施工工艺。针对我国在1 500 m超深土层中以及3 000 m深厚富水岩层中冻结井壁技术将面临的挑战，指出应重点研究：深厚土层中冻结井筒掘进期间浅部外壁破裂新机理，超深土的力学特性，高强、高性能筑壁材料与构件，超高承载力井壁结构及其力学特性，超深冻结井壁设计理论与施工技术等。

This paper delves into the formidable challenges posed by the trends of “deepening” and “scaling up” in the design, construction, and operation of deep mine shafts in China. By synthesizing experiences and lessons learned, it underscores that the freezing method for shaft sinking stands out as the paramount technique for groundwater sealing and formation reinforcement in deep shaft construction amidst complex geological conditions. Additionally, it reviews the state of domestic and international advancements in Freezing Shaft Lining Technology (FSLT) prior to 2002. Furthermore, the paper offers a comprehensive overview of the remarkable advancements and applications of FSLT in deep soil layers spanning from 400 m to 800 m and in deep water-rich rock layers ranging from 500 m to 1 000 m in China since 2002. These include the design and construction technology utilizing C60～C100 or CF80～CF110 high-strength concrete for freezing shaft lining, technologies for preventing and controlling shaft lining rupture disasters in deep soil layers, and single-layer shaft lining technology with minimal leakage in deep water-rich rock layers, etc. Regarding the evolution of FSLT in China post-2002, the paper summarizes advancements in freezing shaft lining materials, introduces developments in cross-sectional and longitudinal freezing shaft lining structures, and generalizes new understandings regarding initial horizontal water and soil pressure in soil layers, water pressure borne by inner shaft linings, freezing pressure, and hydraulic loads induced by pore water in water-rich rock layers, as well as vertical additional forces. It briefly describes the mechanical model of shaft lining, the mechanical characteristics of high radial bearing capacity shaft lining and inner axially compressible shaft lining, the design theories for the thickness of both inner and outer shaft linings in double-layer composite shaft linings, the design theory for the thickness of single-layer freezing shaft linings in water-rich rock layers, and the design theory for inner axially compressible shaft lining. Moreover, it introduces the mechanisms and prevention technologies associated with thick shaft lining fracturing and leakage, corrosion damage and its prevention, information construction technology, as well as the construction technology for inner axially compressible shaft lining and low leakage single-layer shaft lining. In addressing the challenges that FSLT will encounter in 1 500 m ultra-deep soil layers and 3 000 m deep water-rich rock layers in China, this paper emphasizes the need for focused research on new mechanism and prevention technologies for shallow outer shaft lining rupture during frozen shaft excavation in deep soil layers, mechanical properties of ultra-deep soil, high-strength and high-performance building materials and components for shaft lining, ultra-high bearing capacity shaft lining structures and their mechanical properties, and design theories and construction technologies for ultra-deep frozen shaft lining.