我国“相对富煤、贫油、少气、缺铀”的能源禀赋特征决定了煤炭资源作为我国主体能源的地位在短期内不会改变;同时，相对丰富的煤炭资源仍然是我国目前稳定供应最有保障、成本可接受的优势能源矿产，抛弃以煤为主的现实能源选择去解决中国的能源问题，是本末倒置，是不现实、不科学、不明智的，应该有清醒的认识;可以说，煤炭产业虽然不是“朝阳产业”，但短期内也决不会变成“夕阳产业”。但是，应该看到煤炭资源在过去的地质勘查、开发和消费利用全生命周期过程中带来了环境污染、生态损害、资源浪费、超高排放等诸多问题。因而，在新时代我国煤炭工业的发展必将发生重大变革，以科学化、安全化、生态化、高效化、标准化、数字化、和谐化和智能化等为特征的科学勘查和开发及清洁化、低碳化的消费利用方式，将是实现我国煤炭工业可持续发展的必由之路。针对我国煤炭工业面临的挑战和机遇，分析了煤炭资源从地质勘查到开发和利用全生命周期过程中的现状与存在问题，制定了打造我国主体能源(煤炭)升级版的战略思路，提出了在实现我国主体能源(煤炭)升级版过程中面临的十一大关键科技难题，即:煤炭资源在地质勘查过程中的综合协调、绿色、深部、智慧难题和开发过程中的绿色化、安全、采出率、职业健康、高效益难题以及消费利用过程中的清洁化和低碳化难题，并探讨性地提出了相应的解决对策措施，对推动我国从煤炭生产大国转变为煤炭工业强国的转型升级、破解我国目前经济社会发展与生态环境保护之间的尖锐矛盾，具有指导意义和实用价值。

The energy endowment characteristics of “ relatively rich in coal,poor in oil,less natural gas,and uranium deficiency” in China result in that the coal resources as the China’ s main energy will not change in the short term.Meanwhile,the relatively abundant coal resources are still the most stable and cost-effective competitive minerals in China. There should be a clear understanding that it is unrealistic,unwise and unscientific to abandon the actual ener- gy choices based on coal to solve China’s energy problems. However,it should be noted that the coal resources have brought about environmental pollution,ecological damage,waste of resources,and high emissions in the whole process from geological exploration to development and utilization. Therefore,the development of the coal industry in China will certainly undergo some significant changes in the new era. Implementing scientific exploration and development,clean utilization,and low-carbon consumption,characterized by science,safety,ecology,high efficiency,standardization,digi- tization,and intelligence,is the only way to realize the sustainable development of China’s coal industry. Aimed at the challenges and opportunities for the coal industry in China,the present situation and existing problems of coal re- sources in the whole process from geological exploration to development and utilization is analyzed,and the strategic thinking of building an upgrade version of main energy (coal) industry in China is proposed. In this paper,the authors focus on 11 key scientific and technological problems faced in the process of realizing the upgrade version of China’s main energy (coal) industry,namely the problems of comprehensive coordination,green exploration,deep exploration, and intelligent exploration for coal resources in the process of geological exploration;the problems of green,safety,re- covery rate,occupational health,and high benefit in the coal development process;the clean and low-carbon problems in the process of consumption and utilization. Meanwhile,the corresponding exploratory solutions are put forward. It is of great theoretical significance and practical value to promote the transformation and upgrading for China from a large coal producing country to a powerful coal industrial country,and also to address the sharp contradiction between Chi- na’s current economic and social development and the protection of ecological environment.