基于分子化学工程和纳米材料科学的技术理念，发展和应用煤基功能炭材料，对于实现煤炭资源清洁利用以及高附加值煤炭产业升级具有重要意义。煤是由芳香族和氢化芳香族基团组成的、具有三维(3D)交联网络结构的天然材料。独特的分子结构特性赋予煤（煤的衍生物）具有合成多种煤基功能炭材料的巨大潜力。近20 a来，煤基功能碳材料取得了很大进展，对其进行全面总结，有利于明确煤炭及其衍生物制备功能碳材料的现状和发展方向。利用分子剪切、化学气相沉积、电弧放电、静电纺丝等技术手段，实现了零维到三维煤基功能碳材料的可控制备，系统梳理了煤基石墨烯炭量子点、炭球、炭纳米管、炭纤维、煤基石墨烯及煤基多孔炭的研究现状。重点总结了多维煤基炭功能材料在储能、催化、界面分离等领域的优势和不足。分析讨论了煤基功能炭材料面临的可控度低、分子结构复杂以及合成手段难以规模化应用等问题，以期为新型煤基功能炭材料的设计、制备和应用提供一定的参考和启示。

Based on the technology theories of molecular chemical engineering and nanomaterials science, the development and application of coal-based functional carbon materials are of great significance to realize the clean utilization of coal resources, as well as the upgrading of high-value-added coal industries. Coal is the natural materials consisting of aromatic and hydrogenated aromatic groups with a three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked network structure. The unique molecular properties of coal (coal derivatives) provide great potential for the synthesis of a variety of coal-based functional carbon materials. Much progress has been made in coal-based functional carbon materials in the last two decades, which needs to be clarify the current status and development direction of functional carbon materials prepared from coal and its derivatives. The controlled preparation of zero-dimensional to three-dimensional coal-based functional carbon materials has been achieved by using molecular shear, chemical vapor deposition, arc discharge, electrostatic spinning, and other technical means, and the current research status of coal-based graphene carbon quantum dots, carbon spheres, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, coal-based graphene and coal-based porous carbon has been systematically sorted out. The advantages and shortcomings of multi-dimensional coal-based functional carbon materials in the fields of energy storage, catalysis, and interfacial separation were summarized. It analyzed and discussed the problems faced by coal-based functional carbon materials such as low controllability, complex molecular structure and the difficulty of synthesis means for large-scale application. This review will provide some reference and insight into the design, preparation, and application of novel coal-based functional carbon materials.

0 引言

1 煤基功能炭材料的制备和应用

   1.1 煤基炭量子点的制备和应用

   1.2 煤基炭球的制备和应用

   1.3 煤基炭纳米管的制备和应用

   1.4 煤基炭纤维的制备和应用

   1.5 煤基石墨烯的制备和应用

   1.6 煤基多孔炭的制备和应用

2 结语及展望