随着人们对绿色能源和环境友好型社会需求的日益增长,先进能量转换装置或系统的研发亟待加速,而燃料电池系统被认为是最有希望的未来发电装置。在不同种类的燃料电池中,固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)是一种清洁环保的发电装置,因其独特的多燃料运行能力及能量转化效率高等优点而前景广阔。然而,传统使用镍-金属陶瓷阳极的SOFCs,在碳氢化合物燃料下运行时,由于燃料的不完全氧化会使阳极产生积碳,从而导致电池性能下降。讨论了碳基SOFC中碳沉积机理和解决阳极积碳的策略,重点介绍了目前广泛研究的具有混合离子-电子导体的双金属-金属陶瓷材料的种类以及研究进展,并总结了双金属-金属陶瓷材料的抗积碳机理,主要表现为降低阳极表面的碳沉积速率以及加速积碳的去除。还介绍了在还原性气氛中,钙钛矿材料中纳米粒子原位偏析的原理,并讨论了原位偏析所形成的纳米颗粒以及其与钙钛矿主体所形成的金属氧化物异质结构在抗积碳阳极中的应用。此外,还探究了多层阳极和单原子催化剂阳极在中温SOFCs中的应用。在燃料电池技术巨大进步的推动下,人们对可用于固定式发电的集成煤气化的燃料电池发电系统(IGFCs)产生了新的兴趣,该系统对于实现煤炭的清洁高效利用具有重要意义,该技术的关键依托于SOFCs的成熟度。最后,总结并指出了碳基SOFCs未来的一些研究方向。

With the growing demand for green energy and environmentally friendly society, there is an urgent need to accelerate the development of advanced energy conversion devices or systems, and fuel cells are considered future efficient power generationen systems.Among different types of fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)are a kind of clean power generation devices with broad prospects due totheir unique multi-fuel operation capability and high energy conversion efficiency. However, due to incomplete oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuels, the traditional nickel-cermet anodes used in SOFCs operating under hydrocarbon fuels results in carbon deposition on the anode, leading to a decrease in the cell performance. In this review, the carbon deposition mechanism and strategies to solve carburization inanode of hydrocarbon-fueled SOFC were discussed, mainly focusing on the widely studied various types and the research progress of bimetallic-cermet materials with mixed ion-electron conductors. The carbon resistance mechanism of bimetallic-cermet materials were summarized, mainly manifest in reducing the carbon deposition rate on the anode surface and accelerating the removal of carbon deposition. Theprinciple of in situ exsolution of nanoparticles in perovskite materials under reducing atmosphere were introduced as well, the applicationof nanoparticles formed by in situ exsolution and metal oxide heterostructures formed with perovskite bodies in carbon-resistant anodeswere discussed. In addition, the application of multilayer anodes and single-atom catalyst anodes in intermediate temperature SOFCs wereexplored. Driven by the tremendous progress of fuel cell technology, there has been a new interest in pursuing integrated coal gasificationfuel cells (IGFCs)power generation systems that can be used as stationary power generation. This system is of great significance for achieving clean and efficient utilization of coal, and the key to this technology lies in the maturity of SOFCs. Finally, some future research directions in hydrocarbon-fueled SOFCs were proposed.

0 引言

1 固体氧化物燃料电池

   1.1 SOFC的基本工作原理

   1.2 碳基燃料SOFC面临的挑战

2 碳基燃料阳极的研究进展

   2.1 双金属-金属陶瓷材料

   2.2 氧化物陶瓷材料

3 新型阳极研究进展

   3.1 多层阳极

   3.2 单原子催化剂阳极在中温SOFC中的应用

4 集成煤气化的燃料电池发电系统

5 结论与展望