能源消费增加促使绿色能源开发成为趋势,同时推动能源存储系统快速发展,超级电容器以高功率密度和长循环寿命的优势得到广泛关注,其中电容炭材料逐渐成为研究热点。用来源广泛、有可再生性、价格低廉、绿色环保的生物质制备超级电容器用多孔炭材料,在开发绿色能源的同时解决了能源存储问题。多孔炭材料结构调控与性能完善是提高超级电容器性能的重要途径之一。综述了生物质衍生多孔炭材料及其在超级电容器领域的应用,按原料来源(植物、动物和微生物)及材料维度(0D、1D、2D和3D)的分类体系,多孔炭材料制备方法及技术现状。将多孔炭的制备分为炭化和活化,简述了炭化与活化机理、活化方式选择和常见活化剂特性,但生物质衍生多孔炭材料制备过程中影响因素多,且性能不及传统煤基碳材料,需进行多方面设计优化,包括选择生物质前驱体、合理使用炭化技术、调控活化过程各影响因素和选择改性过程中掺杂物等。基于在超级电容器领域的应用需求,重点探讨生物质多孔炭材料优化方式,包括孔结构调控、表面元素掺杂及与石墨烯复合形成新型炭材料等。梳理多孔炭材料用于超级电容器中时的难题与重点,通过寻找多孔炭材料在高比表面积、均匀孔隙分布和高导电性3方面的最优组合,提升电极材料电荷存储能力攻克超级电容器能量密度低的问题,同时确保超级电容器耐压能力达到要求。在此基础上,提出提升材料电化学性能和循环稳定性、确保原料来源稳定性和一致性、逐步实现量产的商业化需要等有望取得突破的研究方向。

The increase in energy consumption has promoted the development of green energy, while promoting the rapid development ofenergy storage systems. Supercapacitors have been widely concerned with the advantages of high-power density and long cycle life, amongwhich capacitive carbon materials have gradually become research hotspots. The preparation of porous carbon material for supercapacitorsusing biomass, which is widely sourced, renewable, inexpensive and environmentally friendly, has solved the problem of energy storagewhile developing green energy. The structure control and performance improvement of porous carbon materials are important ways to improve the performance of supercapacitors. Biomass-derived porous carbon materials and its applications in the field of supercapacitors werereviewed. The preparation methods and technical status of porous carbon materials were summarized according to the classification systemof raw material sources (plants, animals and microorganisms) and material dimensions (zero, one, two and three dimensions). The preparation process of porous carbon was divided into carbonization and activation. The mechanism of carbonization and activation, the selection of activation methods and the characteristics of common activators were briefly described. However, there are many influencing factorsin the preparation process of bio-derived porous carbon materials, and the performance is still inferior compared with traditional coalbased carbon materials. It is necessary to carry out various design optimization, including selection of biomass precursors, rational useof carbonization technology, regulation of various influencing factors in the activation process and selection of doping substances inthe modification process. Based on the application requirements in the field of supercapacitors, the optimization methods of biomass porous carbon materials were discussed, including pore structure regulation, surface element doping and the formation of new carbon materialsby composite with graphene. The difficulties and key points of the application of porous carbon materials in supercapacitors were reviewed.By finding the optimal combination of porous carbon materials with high specific surface area, uniform pore distribution and high conductivity, the charge storage capacity of electrode materials can be improved to overcome the problem of low energy density of supercapacitors,ensuring that the voltage resistance of supercapacitors can meet the requirements at the same time. On this basis, the research direction ofimproving the electrochemical performance and cycle stability of materials, ensuring the stability and consistency of raw material sources,and gradually realizing the commercialization needs of mass production were proposed.

0 引言

1 超级电容器用多孔炭电极

   1.1 超级电容器的电荷存储机制

   1.2 超级电容器的电极材料选择

2 生物质衍生多孔炭材料的种类

   2.1 按生物质原料的来源分类

   2.2 按生物炭材料的维度分类

3 生物质衍生多孔炭材料的制备方法

   3.1 炭化方法

   3.2 活化方法

4 生物质衍生多孔炭材料的结构优化对电性能的影响

   4.1 有效调孔

   4.2 元素掺杂

5 多孔炭材料在超级电容器中应用

6 结论与展望