生物质碳具有廉价易得、环境友好以及物化结构可调控的优点,是负载过渡金属的良好基底,在电解水方面应用前景广阔。碳基底的比表面积、孔隙分布等物化结构直接影响了催化活性位点的利用以及电解液离子扩散,是发挥过渡金属电解水催化潜力、决定催化剂性能的关键。介绍了不同生物质的热解机理,对高温热解法、水热碳化法以及微波热解法等生物质碳常见制备方法进行了归纳,并比较不同制备方法优缺点。总结了物理法、化学法及模板法等生物质碳物化结构定向调控策略,探讨了不同调控策略对生物质碳比表面积、孔容、平均孔径等物理化学性质的影响。归纳了杂原子掺杂及金属活性组分负载等常见生物质碳基电解水催化剂构筑策略,并对其在析氧反应、析氢反应、双功能催化及杂化电解水等方面的研究现状进行总结,详细阐述了其在电解水方面取得的进展。最后对生物质碳基电解水催化剂在微介孔比例调控、导电性提升、亲水性提升以及催化剂成型处理等方面面临的挑战进行了展望。

Biomass carbon has the advantages of affordability, environmental friendliness, and adjustable pore structure. It is a good matrixfor loading transition metals and has broad application prospects in water electrolysis. The specific surface area, pore size distribution, andother physical and chemical structures of carbon carriers directly affect the utilization of transition metal active sites and electrolyte ion diffusion, which is the key to unleashing the potential of transition metal electrolysis for water catalysis and determining catalyst performance.This article introduced the pyrolysis mechanisms of different biomass, summarized common biomass carbon preparation methods such ashigh-temperature pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and microwave pyrolysis, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods. A summary of targeted control strategies for biomass carbon physicochemical structure, includingphysical, chemical, and template methods, was conducted, and the effects of different control strategies on biomass carbon specific surface area, pore volume, average pore size, and other physicochemical properties were explored. The construction strategies of common biomass carbon-based electrolysis water catalysts, such as doping with heteroatoms and loading with metal active components were summarized. The research status of these catalysts in oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, bifunctional catalysis, and hybridelectrolysis of water was also summarized, and the progress made in electrolysis of water was elaborated in detail. And the challenges facedby biomass carbon-based electrolysis water catalysts in controlling micro to mesoporous ratio, improving conductivity, hydrophilicity,and catalyst forming treatment were discussed in the future.

0 引言

1 生物质碳材料的制备方法

   1.1 高温热解法

   1.2 水热碳化法

   1.3 微波热解法

2 生物质碳基底物化结构定向调控

   2.1 物理法

   2.2 化学法

   2.3 模板法

3 生物质碳基电解水催化剂构筑及应用

   3.1 析氧反应催化剂

   3.2 析氢反应催化剂

   3.3 OER/HER双功能催化剂

   3.4 杂化电解水

4 结语与展望