煤基碳材料作为一种重要煤衍生碳材料,优点主要体现在比表面积高、导电性好、资源丰富且价格低,在储能领域应用前景广阔。煤基碳材料制备方法主要包括活化法、模板法以及杂原子掺杂法等。活化法是常用煤基碳材料制备方法,通过高温下用气体或化学试剂对煤活化处理,可获得具有高比表面积和丰富孔结构的煤基碳材料。模板法通过选择合适模板材料,制备有特殊孔结构的碳材料,且孔径均一、结构有序。杂原子掺杂法通过向煤基碳材料中引入杂原子,调控其电子结构和电化学性能,不仅可在碳材料表面形成官能团,提高材料反应效率,还可通过氧化还原反应产生赝电容,提高材料电化学性能。以煤为前驱体制备的煤基电极材料种类繁多,包括煤基无定形碳、煤基多孔碳、煤基石墨、煤基碳纳米纤维、煤基石墨烯及煤基石墨烯量子点等。与传统碳电极材料前驱体(天然石墨、石油焦、沥青焦等)相比,煤基碳材料芳香层片结构和烷基支链有特殊性质,芳香层片经高温石墨化形成横向延展的石墨晶层,而烷基支链则形成有活性基团的碳中间体或小分子团簇,进一步构筑出新碳材料,使煤基碳材料具备制造电极材料优势。在电化学储能领域,煤基电极材料已广泛的应用。研究者已将煤基碳材料应用于超级电容器、锂离子电池、钠离子电池、钾离子电池等储能器件,并取得良好性能表现。煤基碳材料作为潜力巨大的新型能源材料,具有广阔应用前景和重要研究意义。然而,目前煤基电极材料在储能领域研究仍存在着许多困难和挑战,如在对原煤处理过程中强氧化剂的使用、对高温高压环境和特殊保护气氛的需求,都会产生污染环境的废弃物及副产品。因此,未来不仅需优化煤基碳材料制备工艺、提高材料电化学性能、拓展煤基碳材料在能源储存领域应用,更需采用绿色、安全且经济的方法规模化制备高品质煤基碳材料,以期为煤炭清洁、高效、低碳利用提供支持,为开发先进煤衍生碳材料提供参考。

As an important coal - derived carbon material, coal - based carbon materials have the advantages of high specific surfacearea, good conductivity, abundant resources and low price, and have broad application prospects in the field of energy storage.The preparation methods of coal-based carbon materials mainly include activation method, template method and heteroatom doping method. The activation method is a commonly used method for preparing coal-based carbon materials. By activating coal with gas or chemical reagents athigh temperatures, coal - based carbon materials with high specific surface area and rich pore structure can be obtained. The template method can prepare carbon materials with special pore structure by selecting appropriate template materials, with uniform pore diameter and orderly structure. The heteroatom doping method is a method that introduces heteroatoms into coal-based carbon materials to regulate their electronic structure and electrochemical properties. This method can not only form functional groups on the surface of carbon materials and improve the reaction efficiency of the materials, but also generates pseudocapacitance through redox reactions to improve theelectrochemical properties of the material. There are many types of coal-based electrode materials prepared with coal as precursor, including coal-based amorphous carbon, coal-based porous carbon, coal-based graphite, coal-based carbon nanofibers, coal-based grapheneand coal-based graphene quantum dots. Compared with traditional carbon electrode material precursors (natural graphite, petroleum coke,pitch coke, etc.), the aromatic lamellar structure and alkyl branches of coal-based carbon materials have special properties. The aromaticlamellae are graphitized at high temperature to form laterally extended graphite crystal layers, and alkyl branches form carbonintermediates or small molecule clusters with active groups, further constructing new carbon materials, giving coal-based carbon materialsthe advantage of manufacturing electrode materials. In the field of electrochemical energy storage, coal-based electrode materials havebeen widely used. Researchers have successfully applied coal-based carbon materials into energy storage devices such as supercapacitors,lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and potassium-ion batteries, and achieved good performance. In summary, coal-based carbon materials, as a new energy material with great potential, have broad application prospects and important research significance. However, there are still many difficulties and challenges in the current research on coal-based electrode materials in the field of energy storage.For example, in the processing of raw coal, the use of strong oxidants, the need for high-temperature, high-pressure environments andspecial protective atmospheres will cause environmental pollution waste and by-products. Therefore, looking forward to future research directions, it is not only necessary to optimize the preparation process of coal-based carbon materials, improve the electrochemical properties of the materials, and expand the application of coal-based carbon materials in the field of energy storage, but also to use green, safeand economical methods to prepare high - quality materials on a large scale, in order to provide support for the clean, efficient andlow-carbon utilization of coal, and provide a reference for the development of advanced coal-derived carbon materials.

0 前言

1 制备方法

   1.1 活化法

   1.2 模板法

   1.3 杂原子掺杂法

2 煤基碳材料电化学储能应用

   2.1 煤基无定形碳电化学储能应用

   2.2 煤基多孔碳电化学储能应用

   2.3 煤基石墨电化学储能应用

   2.4 煤基碳纳米材料电化学储能应用

3 结语及展望