绿色开采是煤炭规模化开采向现代生态文明开采的技术跨越，绿色开采水平的科学评价则是建立适用绿色开采模式与实践效果检验的重要方法。研究基于前人成果分析，试图从生态学视角将传统的采矿系统与生态系统相融合构建采矿生态系统，采用物理模型构建、数学模型分析和实例验证方法，分析开采扰动时系统受损状态和生态损伤程度，构建生态损伤和绿色开采分析模型，定量评价绿色开采水平和效果，参考西部深部开采环境特点和采动生态响应特征，建立适用的绿色开采模式，为西部矿区探索适用的绿色开采解决方案提供有效途径。研究基于采矿生态系统，提出描述开采“激励”作用下生态损伤的4个因子和16个主要参数，系统内3类要素组(采动覆岩、地下水系统、地表生态)的4种耦合关系(应力耦合、水-岩耦合、水-土耦合、辐射耦合)和生态损伤的系统外传导效应，提出描述生态系统原态与受损状态相对变化关系的“生态损伤系数”;绿色开采本质是通过控制开采激励的生态响应水平实现“减损”和近零排放的先进开采方式，参照生态系统原态提出开采“绿度”指标度量开采扰动下自然稳定的生态系统原态保持水平，基于生态损伤系数建立了绿度定量分析模型和绿色开采水平比较模型;建立了绿色开采模型，分析了开采工艺参数、地下水系统保护和地表生态修复方法的绿度贡献水平，发现控制导水裂隙带高度、矿井水涌出量和含水层保护、近零排放等途径对开采绿度贡献相对较大;采用“递进式”优化的绿色开采方法与安全高效开采模式对比，地下水系统减损对提升绿色开采水平相对贡献更大;处于西部生态脆弱区的神东矿区分析显示，大柳塔矿、上湾矿、榆家梁矿等优于全区平均绿色开采水平，地下水系统减损是提升绿色开采水平的瓶颈;按照“源头减损与过程控制”思路，着力“降高、减失、快治、零排”，建立以“仿生”开采工艺为核心、非连续开采充填、含水层渗流隔离、煤矿地下水库储水、地表生态分区治理技术协同且精准控制开采过程的深部仿生绿色开采模式。

Green mining is a technological leap from a large-scale coal mining to a modern coal mining with ecological consideration. Scientific evaluation of green mining level is an important method for finding a feasible green mining model and testing its practical effect. After the analysis of predecessors’ research results,a mining ecosystem is con- structed by integrating traditional ecosystem and mining system,from an ecological perspective. Using physical model construction,mathematical model analysis and case validation,the damage status of ecosystem and the degree of eco- logical damage are analyzed. Subsequently,the ecological damage analysis model and green mining model are construc- ted for a further quantitatively evaluation of the green mining level and its effect. Referring to the environmental char- acteristics of deep mining in Western China,the suitable green mining model would be explored based on the ecologi- cal response level to mining,which provides an effective way for exploring suitable green mining solutions. Adopting the mining ecosystem concept,4 factors and 16 main parameters are proposed as describing ecological damage under mining “incentive”. They could be described as three factors (mining overburden,groundwater system and surface e- cology) of the system and four coupling relationships (stress coupling,water-rock coupling,water-soil coupling,radia- tion coupling) and the external conduction of damage effects of three factors. The “eco-damage coefficient” is prelimi- narily introduced to estimate the relative change between the initial state and the damaged state of ecosystem. The es- sence of green mining is an advanced mining method that can achieve “damage reduction” and near zero emissions by controlling the ecological response level of mining incentives. The “green degree” for describing the ecosystem’s post- mining state is raised for the ecosystem’ s measurement of the change level of the original stable state under mining disturbance. Based on the green mining methods and the coupling relationships,a quantitative analysis model of green- ness is established. The ecological damage degree and greenness contribution level of mining process parameters, groundwater system protection and surface ecological restoration methods are analyzed. It is found that controlling the height of water-conducting fissure zone,mine water outflow,aquifer protection and near-zero discharge contribute rela- tively much to the greenness of mining. Comparing the “progressive” green mining method with the safe and efficient mining mode,the level of green mining is gradually improved,and the groundwater system protection contributes more to promoting the level of green mining. The analysis of Shendong mining area,in western ecologically fragile area, shows a different greenness level in which Daliuta,Shangwan and Yujialiang Mine are superior to the average level of the whole area,proving the protection of groundwater system is the bottleneck of improving the green mining level. Ac- cording to the idea of “source damage reduction and mining process control”,the green mining mode should focus on “height reduction,water-loss reduction,quick treatment and zero discharge”. A deep bionic green mining mode is es- tablished,that takes the bionic mining technology as the core,containing discontinuous filling mining,aquifer isolation, water storage in mine underground reservoirs,and surface ecological zoning treatment technology,for deep mining.