黄河流域煤炭资源富集与生态环境脆弱并存，亟待破解煤炭资源开发与生态环境保护的矛盾，构建黄河流域高质量发展新格局。为此，构建了黄河流域资源环境承载力指标体系，揭示了黄河流域资源环境承载力指数的时空规律；重新审视了煤炭资源开发强度测算方法，量化了黄河流域42个煤矿区的煤炭资源开发强度；利用耦合协调度模型测度了矿区尺度煤炭资源开发强度与区域尺度资源环境承载力的匹配程度。结果发现，下游以高级协调为主，显著高于中上游。但中上游变化趋势有差异：中游从初级协调(0.63)降至勉强协调(0.55)；上游以初级协调为主，耦合协调度从0.60提升至0.62。随着能源战略重心西移，晋陕蒙宁四省区的煤炭开发强度不断增大，特别是榆横、榆神、吴堡、离柳等矿区煤炭资源开发强度已然与资源环境承载力不匹配；青海木里矿区从勉强协调(0.53)降至中度失调(0.25)，降幅超50%；甘肃整体改善幅度较大，各矿区均有不同程度提升。基于此，研判黄河流域煤炭资源保护性开发利用战略：①要从“水资源-煤炭资源-社会经济-生态”的全局性视角探析黄河流域“煤水双保”；②与资源环境承载力不相匹配的煤炭开发方式亟需改进或退出；③煤炭资源开发应与更大尺度的国土空间规划相协同；④加强闭矿后矿业废弃地与废弃矿井的资源化利用。鉴于黄河流域地域跨度大、矿区分布广，历史遗留问题较多、潜在生态风险较高，点上问题亟待解决、线上问题不容忽视、面上问题更需重视。建议将黄河流域煤矿区划分为青甘保育区、蒙宁陕风沙区、晋陕黄土区、豫鲁平原区4类区域，未来煤炭资源开发与生态修复应实施分区管控、分类治理、分级修复、分步推进，坚持生态保护与修复并举、自我恢复与人工修复并重，以期为黄河流域生态保护与煤炭高质量发展提供科技支撑。

The enrichment of coal resources and the fragile eco-environment coexist in the Yellow River Basin (YRB).Therefore,it is urgent to solve the contradiction between the coal resources exploitation and the eco-environment protection.Meanwhile,the new pattern of high-quality coal development is in urgently need of construction.For this reason,the index system of Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity (RECC) was constructed,and the spatio-temporal pattern of RECC’s index in the YRB was revealed.Then,the calculation method of Coal Resources Exploitation Intensity (CREI) was re-examined,and the CREI of 42 coal mining areas in the YRB was quantified.Finally,the coupling coordination degree model was applied to measure the matching degree between the CREI at the mining area scale and the RECC at the regional scale.The results showed that the downstream was dominated by Advanced Coordination,which was significantly higher than that in the middle and upper reaches.However,the change trend in the middle and upper reaches was different.Thereinto,the middle reaches decreased from Primary Coordination (0.63) to Barely Coordination (0.55);the upstream was dominated by Primary Coordination,and the coupling coordination degree increased from 0.60 to 0.62.As the energy center shifts westward,the CREI continued to increase in Shanxi,Shaanxi,Inner Mongolia and Ningxia.Thereinto,the CREI was not matched with RECC in some coal mining areas,especially in Yuheng,Yushen,Wubao,and Liliu.Moreover,the Muli mining area in Qinghai has decreased from Barely Coordination (0.53) to Moderately Maladjusted (0.25),with a decline of more than 50%.Gansu has improved greatly as a whole,and each mining area has improved in varying degrees.On this basis,the strategy of protective exploitation and utilization of coal resources in the YRB was judged.① The “double protection of coal and water” in the YRB should be analyzed from the overall perspective of “water resources-coal resources-social economy-ecology”.② The coal exploitation mode which not match the RECC,is urgently needed to improve or withdraw.③ The coal resources exploitation should be coordinated with territory development plan at the larger scale.④ The utilization of abandoned mining areas should be strengthen.In view of the large regional span and many mining areas in the YRB,the point problems need to be solved urgently,the line problems cannot be ignored,and the area problems need to be paid more attention to.The coal mine areas could be divided into four zones in the YRB:Conservation region (mainly in Qinghai and Gansu),Aeolian-sand region (mainly in Inner Mongolia,Ningxia,and Shanxi),Loess Plateau region (mainly in Shanxi and Shaanxi),and Plain region (mainly in Henan and Shandong).In the future,the regional control,classified management,hierarchical restoration and stepwise promotion should be applied for coal resources exploitation and ecological restoration in the YRB.Moreover,the ecological protection and restoration,self-restoration and artificial restoration should be paid equal attention to,so as to provide scientific guidance for the ecological protection and high-quality development of coal in the YRB.

1 数据与方法

   1.1 研究区概况

   1.2 数据来源与处理

   1.3 研究方法

2 结果与分析

   2.1 黄河流域生态环境特征及其资源环境承载力

   2.2 黄河流域煤炭资源开发强度

   2.3 煤炭开发强度与资源环境承载力的耦合协调性

4 黄河流域煤矿区生态修复策略

   4.1 煤矿区划分及其主要土地退化问题

   4.2 黄河流域煤矿区差异化生态修复策略

5 结语