煤矸石是煤矿开采过程中排放的固体废弃物，其大量堆积导致了严峻的环境问题和资源浪费。炭黑是橡胶生产中最主要的补强填料，生产过程伴随严重污染。煤矸石可以用作橡胶填料来代替或部分代替炭黑/白炭黑，实现固废资源合理化利用，但煤矸石和橡胶相容性不好，需对其进行活化改性。介绍了煤矸石的存在形式、化学组成和应用现状，对目前常见的活化改性方法和改性效果等进行了评述，指出了当前煤矸石作为橡胶补强填料研究和应用中存在的问题，并对其产业化应用进行了展望。煤矸石主要由Al2O3、SiO2和C组成，用于橡胶补强填料时，其中SiO2可以增加橡胶的强度，Al2O3起增量作用，碳表面富含氧和羟基的活性位点，易与高聚物分子互相交联。主流的活化改性方法有机械改性、煅烧改性、微波改性、表面化学改性等，经过复合改性降低了煤矸石的粒度，增加了煤矸石中非晶相Al2O3、SiO2的比例，改变了其表面性质，从而提高了煤矸石填料在橡胶中的分散性和相容性。目前通过直接法和间接法检测对煤矸石填料改性效果进行综合评价，研究发现煤矸石表面化学改性对于橡胶性能的影响最为显著，选择合适的表面改性剂可以改变橡胶产品的特性。推进行业间合作研究、开发新型质优价廉的表面改性剂、优化产品检测方法，达到煤矸石橡胶填料规模化利用的目的。

Coal gangue is a solid waste discharged in the process of coal mining. The massive accumulation of coal gangue has resulted in severe environmental problems and waste of resources. Carbon black is the most important reinforcing filler in rubber production, but its production process accompanied by a lot of environmental pollution. Coal gangue has the potential to be used as rubber filler to replace or partially replace carbon black/silica, which can make rational use of solid waste resources. However, the activation and modification process is required due to the poor affinity of rubber with the minerals contained in coal gangue. The existence form, chemical composition and the current application status of coal gangue were introduced in this paper. And the mainstream activation modification methods of coal gangue and evaluation indicators of modification effect were reviewed. The current problems in the research and application of coal gangue as rubber filler were also pointed out, including the prospect of the industrial application. Coal gangue is mainly composed of Al2O3, SiO2 and C. Used in rubber reinforcing filler, SiO2 can increase the strength of rubber, Al2O3 plays an incremental role, and the carbon surface is rich in active sites of oxygen and hydroxyl, which is easy to cross-linked with polymer molecules. The mainstream activation modification methods include mechanical modification, calcination modification, microwave modification and surface chemical modification. Through composite modification, the particle size of coal gangue is reduced, the proportion of amorphous Al2O3 and SiO2 in coal gangue is increased, and its surface properties are changed, so as to improve the dispersion and compatibility of coal gangue filler in rubber. At present, through the comprehensive evaluation of the modification effect of coal gangue filler by direct method and indirect method, it is found that the chemical modification of coal gangue surface has the most significant impact on the performance of rubber, and the selection of appropriate surface modifier can change the characteristics of rubber products. Promoting inter-industry cooperation in research, developing new surface modifiers with high quality and low price, and optimizing product detection methods is the achievement of the purpose of large-scale utilization of coal gangue rubber filler.

0 引言

1 煤矸石

   1.1 煤矸石来源及理化特性

   1.2 煤矸石利用现状

2 煤矸石用于橡胶补强填料

   2.1 橡胶填料

   2.2 煤矸石替代炭黑/白炭黑

3 煤矸石活化改性研究

   3.1 机械改性

   3.2 煅烧改性

   3.3 微波改性

   3.4 表面化学改性

4 煤矸石改性效果评价

   4.1 直接法

   4.2 间接法

5 结语与展望