煤炭是我国的主体能源，是国家电力供应安全稳定和经济社会发展的重要保障，但煤炭燃烧发电过程会产生大量的粉煤灰固体废弃物，长期堆放会严重污染土壤、水源、大气等生态环境，但粉煤灰也可作为原材料应用于矿井煤自燃灾害的防治。然而，现阶段粉煤灰在矿井防灭火领域的应用存在少量分散利用、技术含量和附加值较低等不足，当前对于粉煤灰的无害化预处理及防灭火利用规模仍无法满足国家“双碳”目标下对固废资源化利用与绿色矿山建设的相关要求。为进一步推动粉煤灰在矿井煤自燃防治领域的高效、高值及规模化利用，实现以粉煤灰为原料的防灭火材料及技术的快速发展，较全面地总结了粉煤灰浆液、粉煤灰凝胶、粉煤灰泡沫等防灭火技术的原理、分类、最新发展及应用效果；从粉煤灰预处理前端、浆液管路运输中端、防灭火利用末端等方面为出发点，凝练了粉煤灰固废物中有害物质和有价组分的分离、高浓度粉煤灰浆液长距离输送时的沉淀堵管、粉煤灰基防灭火材料在采空区的渗流堆积规律等3个亟待解决的关键问题。为提高粉煤灰固废物对矿井煤自燃的防治效果，满足“双碳”目标下国家对绿色矿山及智能化矿井建设的要求，提出粉煤灰固废在防灭火技术领域“长效防火—协同固碳—智能调控”的发展方向，未来重点围绕低成本长效防灭火的粉煤灰固废基材料、矿化封存CO2与防灭火一体化的粉煤灰防灭火技术、智能化粉煤灰防灭火材料制备及应用系统等方面开展研究，有助于推进粉煤灰工业固废在矿井防灭火领域的高价值、规模化再利用，提高矿井煤自燃的防控能力，保障矿井的安全高效开采。

Coal is the main energy source in China, which is also an important guarantee for the safety and stability of the national power supply as well as economic development. However, the coal combustion process for power generation will produce a large amount of fly ash, and the long-term piling of fly ash solid waste will seriously pollute the soil, water, atmosphere, and ecological environment, on the contrary, the fly ash can be used as a raw material for the prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion disasters in mines. However, the current application of fly ash in the field of mine fire prevention was certainly limited, such as small amount of scattered utilization, low technical content, low added value, etc. The current scale of harmless pre-treatment and fire prevention and utilization of fly ash is still unable to meet the requirements of the national “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” target for solid waste resource utilization and green mine construction. For further promote the efficient, high-value, and large-scale utilization of fly ash to realize the rapid development of fly ash-based fire prevention materials and technologies, this paper summarizes the principle, classification, latest development, and application effects of fly ash slurry, fly ash gel, fly ash foam and other fire prevention technologies. Based on the above analysis, this paper condenses three key problems that need to be solved, such as the separation of hazardous substances and valuable components in fly ash solid waste, the precipitation and plugging of pipes during long-distance transportation of highly concentrated fly ash slurry, and the law of seepage and accumulation of fly ash-based fire prevention materials in the goaf. In order to improve the effectiveness of fly ash solid waste in preventing spontaneous combustion of coal and to meet the national requirements for green mines as well as intelligent mine construction under the “carbon neutrality and emission peak” target, this paper proposes the development direction of “Long-lasting for fire prevention-Synergistic carbon sequestration – Intelligent control” for fly ash solid waste in the field of fire prevention technology. Future research will focus on the low-cost and long-lasting fire prevention fly ash solid waste-based materials, integrated fly ash fire prevention technology with mineralized CO2 sequestration and fire prevention, and intelligent fly ash fire prevention material application systems, which will promote the high-value and large-scale reuse of fly ash waste in the field of fire prevention, finally improving the efficiency of preventing and controlling of spontaneous combustion disasters in coal mines, and ensuring the safe and efficient mining.

0 引言
1 粉煤灰基材料用于矿井防灭火的特性
2 粉煤灰的理化性质
3 以粉煤灰固废为基材的防灭火技术
3.1 粉煤灰浆液防灭火技术
3.2 粉煤灰凝胶防灭火技术
3.2.1 粉煤灰无机凝胶
3.2.2 粉煤灰有机凝胶
3.3 粉煤灰泡沫防灭火技术
3.3.1 粉煤灰三相泡沫
3.3.2 粉煤灰固化泡沫
4 粉煤灰基防灭火技术存在的问题及研究展望
4.1 粉煤灰基防灭火技术待解决的关键问题
4.2 粉煤灰在防灭火技术领域的研究展望