煤炭是我国的主体能源，但煤炭开采面临着有煤自燃灾害的严重威胁。煤自燃不仅烧毁大量煤炭资源，还易引发瓦斯燃烧、爆炸等重特大事故，造成巨大的经济损失和重大的人员伤亡。为了进一步提高煤矿企业对煤自燃灾害的防控能力,推动我国煤炭资源的安全高效开采，分析了煤自燃理论的研究现状，总结了煤自燃监测预警的主要方法和技术，对比分析了煤矿常规的防灭火技术，介绍了煤自燃防治技术的最新发展及应用效果，并提出了煤自燃过程特性及防治技术的未来发展和研究方向。较详细地阐述了煤自燃过程机理及特性理论基础，主要包括煤自燃的低温氧化过程机制、煤自燃分段过程特性及特殊条件下的煤自燃特性；较全面地总结了包括标志气体方法、测温法、示踪气体法等多种煤自燃监测预警技术的原理以及各类技术的优缺点。在上述煤自燃理论和监测预警基础之上，针对常规注浆、注惰气等技术对煤自燃防控效果有限、难以满足矿井安全高效开采的问题，研发了三相[JP]阻化泡沫技术、凝胶泡沫覆盖隔氧技术、无机固化泡沫堵漏控风技术、稠化砂浆等防灭火技术，同时提出借助液氮（液态二氧化碳）的相变吸热对煤自燃高温火区快速灭火降温。此外，为了满足煤矿智能化、精准化开采对矿井火灾防治的新要求，在矿井火灾监测指标信息化与预警智能化、火源辨识与防治技术控制精准化、防灭火材料绿色化等方面提出了下一步的研究展望。

Coal is the main source of energy in China, but coal mining faces a serious threat from spontaneous combustion disasters. Spontaneous combustion of coal not only burns a large amount of coal resources, but also easily causes serious accidents such as gas burning and explosion, causing huge economic losses and heavy casualties. In order to further improve the ability of coal mine enterprises to prevent and control spontaneous combustion disasters of coal and promote the safe and efficient mining of coal resources in China, the research status of coal spontaneous combustion theory was analyzed, and the main methods and technologies of coal spontaneous combustion monitoring and early warning were summarized, while the conventional fire prevention technologies of coal mines were compared and analyzed. Moreover,the latest development of fire prevention technology used for spontaneous combustion of coal was introduced and the application effects were exhibited. In addition, the future development and research direction in the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal and prevention technology were also proposed. This paper described the theoretical basis of spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal in detail, mainly including the low-temperature oxidation process mechanism of coal spontaneous combustion, the segmented process characteristics of spontaneous combustion of coal, and the spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal under special conditions. At the same time, the principles of monitoring and early warning technologies including the marker gas method, temperature measurement method, and tracer gas method used for spontaneous combustion of coal were summarized, and their advantages and disadvantages of various technologies were also compared. Based on the above spontaneous combustion theory, monitoring and early warning, in view of the limited effects of conventional grouting and inert gas injection on prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustionand difficulty in meeting the problems of safe and efficient mining in mines, three-phase hindered foam technology and gel foam covering oxygen insulation technology, inorganic solidified foam plugging and wind control technology, thickened mortar and other anti-extinguishing technologieswere developed. At the same time, it was proposed to use the liquid nitrogen (liquid carbon dioxide) to quickly extinguish and cool the high temperature fire area of coal spontaneous combustion. In addition, in order to meet the new requirements of mine fire prevention and control for intelligent and precise mining of coal mines, it was proposed in the aspects of mine fire monitoring index information and early warning intelligence, fire source identification and prevention technology control precision, and green fire prevention materials greening