College of Materials Science and Engineering,Nanjing Forestry University
Chemical Engineering Department,NewBrunswick University
Material Science and Engineering College,Northeast Forestry University

高效利用太阳光是新能源领域的重要研究方向,而光催化是一种利用太阳光在常温常压条件下实现降解污染物、还原二氧化碳等一系列困难反应的技术,具有廉价、环保、可持续等优点。在非均相光催化反应中,为防止固相的光催化剂在液相或气相反应环境中团聚或损失,需适宜的负载材料以保护和固定光催化剂。碳气凝胶由于兼具碳材料的导电性、化学惰性及气凝胶材料的高比表面积等特点,与光催化反应需求相适配,在光催化领域得到广泛研究。生物质基碳气凝胶以生物质材料作为前驱体,相比常规碳气凝胶具有环保、成本低廉、原料来源广泛等优势。总结了生物质基碳气凝胶的特点,并在此基础上讨论生物质基碳气凝胶作为一种新型碳气凝胶的发展现状。最后,通过已有研究证明了其作为光催化剂负载材料的可行性与优势,并对未来生物质基碳气凝胶的研究方向提出建议。目前的生物质基碳气凝胶已开始在吸附重金属、油水分离、柔性电容器、电磁波吸收等多领域发展。而在光催化领域,关于生物质基碳气凝胶负载光催化剂的方法尚处于初期,研究主要集中在生物质原料的选择、光催化剂的负载方法等方面。其中,以纤维素气凝胶制备碳气凝胶和以多孔性植物为前驱体制备碳气凝胶是2个主要研究方向。纤维素气凝胶与其他生物质如蛋白质、淀粉等提取物相比,具有原料来源广泛、含碳量高、更易构造出复杂凝胶网络等优势;而以多孔性植物为前驱体制备碳气凝胶的过程更快捷、简单,且生物质材料的天然复杂结构能成为碳气凝胶的天然模板,其中蕴含的多种P、S等元素也可为后续碳气凝胶的不同开发方向提供天然杂原子支持。截至目前,生物质基负载光催化剂的实际效果已得到验证。未来,生物质基负载光催化剂的研究可在现有成果的基础上,分析不同生物质前驱体的元素组成以及三维孔隙结构对负载的影响,并结合其他得以验证的光催化改性及负载方法。也可尝试充分发挥生物质的特点,如针对性地培育植物作为碳气凝胶的前驱体,以获得更好的碳气凝胶模板。最终,可进一步提高生物质基碳气凝胶负载光催化剂的催化能力、负载能力,并为廉价、环保的光催化系统提供新的解决思路。

The efficient utilization of sunlight is an important research direction in the field of new energy. Photocatalysis, a technologyharnessing sunlight for pollutants degradation, carbon dioxide reduction, water decomposition in hydrogen production, radioactive elementsreduction and separation, photocatalytic nitrogen fixation and other difficult reactions under normal temperature and pressure, has the advantages of cheap, environmental protection, sustainable and so on. In the heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction, in order to prevent thesolid phase photocatalyst from agglomeration or loss in the liquid phase or gas phase reaction environment, suitable supporting materialsare needed to protect and fix the photocatalyst. Carbon aerogel has been widely studied in the field of photocatalysis because of its conductivity, chemical inertia and high specific surface area of carbon materials. Biomass-based carbon aerogels using biomass materials as precursors, have the advantages of environmental protection, lower cost, and wide sources of raw materials, compared to conventional carbonaerogels. In the paper, the characteristics of biomass-based carbon aerogels were summarized and the development status of biomassbased carbon aerogels as a new type of carbon aerogels was discussed. Finally, with the existing research, the feasibility and advantages ofbiomass-based carbon aerogels as photocatalyst supporting materials were proved, and suggestions for future research directions of biomass-based carbon aerogels were provided. Currently, biomass-based carbon aerogels have begun to show their prominence in many fieldssuch as adsorption of heavy metals, oil-water separation, flexible capacitors, and electromagnetic wave absorption. In the field of photocatalysis, the method of loading photocatalysts on biomass-based carbon aerogels is still in its nascent stages, with a primary focus on theselection of biomass raw materials and the method of loading photocatalysts. Two main research directions include the preparation of carbonaerogels from cellulose aerogels and the preparation of carbon aerogels from porous plants as precursors. Compared with other biomass extracts such as protein and starch, cellulose aerogels stand out for the wide sources of raw materials, high carbon content, and easier construction of complex gel networks. The process of preparing carbon aerogels using porous plants as precursors can be faster and simpler,and the natural complex structure of biomass materials can become a natural template for carbon aerogels. These biomass materials containa variety of P, S, and other elements,which can also provide natural heteroatom support for different subsequent development directionsof carbon aerogels. Up to now, the actual effect of biomass-based supported photocatalysts has been verified. In the future, research on biomass-based supported photocatalysts can be based on existing results, analyze the elemental composition of different biomass precursorsand the impact of three-dimensional pore structures on loading, and combine with other proven photocatalytic modifications and load method. At the same time, it can also try to give full play to the characteristics of biomass, such as cultivating plants as precursors of carbonaerogels to obtain better carbon aerogel templates. Ultimately, multi-faceted research results can be integrated to further improve the catalytic ability and loading capacity of biomass-based carbon aerogel-loaded photocatalysts, and provide new solutions for cheap and environmentally friendly photocatalytic systems.

国家自然科学基金资助项目(32201487);江苏省自然科学基金资助项目(BK20210621);江苏省高等学校自然科学基金资助项目(21KJB220010)

焦月,丁嘉宣,梅长彤,等.生物质基碳气凝胶光催化剂的制备与性能研究进展[ J].洁净煤技术,2023,29(12):19-33.

JIAO Yue,DING Jiaxuan,MEI Changtong,et al.Advances in preparation and properties of biomass-based carbon aerogelphotocatalysts[J].Clean Coal Technology,2023,29(12):19-33.