煤矸石作为煤炭的伴生产物,长期堆存过程中自燃现象频发,直接或间接产生生态污染、水体污染、地质灾害等诸多问题,造成巨大经济损失和人员伤亡。煤矸石从堆积初期到燃烧状态受诸多因素影响,包括自身性质、自燃条件和外部环境等,是一个复杂的物理化学反应过程。为提高煤矿矿区矸石自燃的防治能力,分析了煤矸石自燃理论的研究现状,系统总结了现阶段国内外学者对煤矸石自燃机理和治理方法的研究进展。围绕可燃物、氧气、温度3个影响煤矸石自燃的必要因素,提出了引发自燃的主要关键影响因素和作用过程机理。较全面介绍已有煤矸石山自燃防治的主要方法,对比分析了各种常规煤矸石自燃灭火手段以及治理技术的优缺点,指出了常规简单技术治理效果的局限性。针对煤矸石作为砂、石等替代材料,回填露天矿坑、采煤塌陷区等区域进行土地整治和生态修复,提出在防治过程中要明确自燃治理的控制对象,提升防灭火材料的特定性能,通过智能化设备提高辨识准确性进行精细化监控,并运用多种监测预警技术协同自燃防治材料多手段多方法运用综合治理,并提出了煤矸石自燃防治技术的未来发展和矿用防灭火材料的研究方向,为后续开展煤矸石自燃机理研究及自燃防治工程应用提供参考和理论支持。

Spontaneous combustion phenomenon of coal gangue as an associated product of coal is frequent in the process of long-termstockpiling, which directly or indirectly produces ecological pollution, water pollution, geological disasters and many other problems, resulting in huge economic losses and human casualties. Coal gangue is a complex physical and chemical reaction process that is influencedby many factors, including its own properties, self ignition conditions, and external environment, from the initial stage of accumulation tothe combustion state. In order to improve the prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of gangue in mining areas, the researchstatus of the spontaneous combustion theory of coal gangue was analyzed. The research progress of scholars at home and abroad onthe mechanism of spontaneous combustion of coal gangue and governance methods at this stage was systematically summarized. Themain key influencing factors and process mechanisms that trigger spontaneous combustion were presented focusing on three necessary factors affecting the spontaneous combustion of gangue, combustibles, oxygen, and temperature. A more comprehensive introduction was given to the main methods of prevention and control of spontaneous combustion in existing gangue mountains. The advantages and disadvantages of self ignition fire extinguishing methods of various conventional coal gangue and treatment technologies were compared and analyzed.The limitations of the effectiveness of conventional techniques for treatment were pointed out. The land remediation and ecological restoration are disposed of in response to coal gangue replacing sand and stone materials for backfilling areas such as open pits and coal miningsubsidence areas. It is proposed to identify the control targets for spontaneous combustion management in the prevention and treatmentprocess, enhancement of specific properties of fire protection materials, intelligent equipment to improve the accuracy of identification offine monitoring, and the use of a variety of monitoring and early warning technology synergistic spontaneous combustion preventionand control materials. The future development of coal gangue spontaneous combustion prevention and control technology, the research direction of mining fireproofing materials were proposed, providing reference and theoretical support for the subsequent research onthe mechanism of spontaneous combustion of coal gangue and the application of spontaneous combustion control engineering.

0 引言

1 煤矸石自燃机理

2 煤矸石自燃的关键影响因素

   2.1 煤矸石中可燃物质及矿物质的影响

   2.2 氧气的影响

   2.3 温度的影响

3 煤矸石自燃治理方法现状

   3.1 已有自燃煤矸石山治理方法

   3.2 新建煤矸石回填场自燃防治研究进展

4 结论