“天窗”作为陕北侏罗纪煤田榆神矿区南部矿井的主要隐蔽致灾因素，其隐蔽性和难探查性使得该区域“天窗”空间分布不明，安全隐患凸显，需研究有效的探测技术手段，解决空间探测难题，保障矿井安全。

以研究区典型矿井为研究对象，采用地质分析、科学评价和工程探测为一体的“天窗”隐蔽致灾因素地质−工程一体化普查技术，对研究区“天窗”隐蔽致灾因素的空间分布特征及其灾害类型进行探查。

结果表明：区内“天窗”发育主要受古河道控制，同时与现代河流有一定的继承性；高密度直流电法、微动勘探对研究区“天窗”发育的范围、电性和声波信号明显、显著表现为高电阻率和波速异常的特征，而瞬变电磁勘探物性特征响应不明显；“天窗”发育区为古河道沉积形成的岩性组合，具有明显的二元结构特征和红土层二次沉积与河道沙土层混合或互层沉积的岩性组合特征；红土层发育区具有钻孔缩径、钻孔漏失量少、岩层成层性直立性好等特征。“天窗”发育区黄土层的渗透系数为2.21×10⁻² m/d，红土层渗透系数为7.18×10⁻³ m/d，红土的隔水能力大于黄土。综合物探能够在平面上快速识别红土异常区，为精细勘探工程准确圈定“天窗”提供依据，同时，精细勘探结果也验证了综合物探对 “天窗”发育区在电性和声波信号反映特征的准确性。研究成果为区域内红土缺失性“天窗”隐蔽致灾因素普查、治理提供技术支撑，为地质条件相似矿区提供“天窗”有效探测的技术手段指导，进而为煤矿安全、高效、绿色、智能化开采提供地质保障技术。

Skylights represent a primary hidden disaster factor in mines in the southern Yushen mining area within the Shanbei Jurassic coalfield, Shaanxi Province. Since they are hidden and difficult to detect, their distribution in the mining area remains unclear, posing pronounced safety hazards. This necessitates developing effective technical means to overcome challenges in the spatial exploration of skylights and ensure mine safety.

Focusing on a typical mine in the Yushen mining area as an example, this study explored the spatial distribution characteristics and types of skylights in the study area using the geological-engineering integrated reconnaissance survey technology that combines geological analysis, scientific assessment, and engineering exploration.

The results indicate that the formation and evolution of skylights in the study area are primarily governed by the paleochannels, while also exhibiting some inheritance from modern rivers. The high-density direct current electric method and micromotion exploration yielded distinct resistivity and acoustic signals of skylights in the study area, exhibiting significantly high resistivity and anomalous wave velocities. In contrast, the transient electromagnetic method yielded insignificant responses of physical properties. The developmental areas of skylights consist of lithologic assemblages formed by paleochannel sediments, exhibiting a distinct dual structure and lithologic assemblage characteristics of secondarily deposited laterites mixed or interbedded with sandy soil layers in channels. The developmental areas of laterites are characterized by borehole shrinkage, small fluid leakage in boreholes, and upright rock layers with distinct stratification. In the developmental areas of skylights, loess and laterites exhibit permeability coefficients of 2.21×10⁻² m/d and 7.18×10⁻³ m/d, respectively, suggesting that laterites have a higher capacity to block water flow than loess. Comprehensive geophysical prospecting allows for the quick identification of anomalous laterite areas on a horizontal plane, providing a basis for accurately delineating skylights using detailed exploration engineering. Concurrently, the detailed exploration results can verify the accuracy of the resistivity and acoustic signal characteristics of skylights derived using comprehensive geophysical prospecting. The results of this study can provide technical support for the reconnaissance survey and treatment of the skylights formed by the lacuna of laterites in the study area and serve as a guide of technical means for the effective exploration of skylights in mining areas with geological conditions similar to those in the study area, thus offering geological guarantee technology for safe, efficient, green, and intelligent coal mining.