School of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Xi’an Jiaotong University

太阳能制氢是我国在“双碳”目标背景下大力开发和利用可再生能源的重要技术手段之一。其中,全光谱太阳能光热催化制氢作为一种新型绿色制氢技术,利用光催化和热催化的协同优势,可在相对温和的条件下高效驱动制氢反应,实现对全光谱太阳能的综合利用。目前,该技术已在多种制氢体系中均展现出了巨大的发展潜力。然而,不同制氢体系中的光热催化机理及其制氢效果存在较大差异,亟待进一步系统的梳理与整合。鉴于此,通过对近年来国内外相关研究的最新进展进行梳理,按照氢源特点进行分类综述(水体系、碳基燃料体系及氮基原料体系),并重点讨论了不同制氢体系下的光热催化机制、性能优势及技术特点。具体来说,光热催化水制氢体系可以分为淡水制氢和海水制氢。光热催化水分解的优势在于提高反应温度的同时,还能够通过催化剂独特的异质结结构或局部表面等离子共振效应来加快电荷载流子的迁移和分离,促进制氢反应的发生,提高全光谱太阳能利用率。光热催化碳基燃料制氢体系则细分为甲醇制氢、甲烷制氢以及其他碳基燃料制氢。该体系的光热催化技术特点在于降低了反应活化能、提高了中间产物选择性转化,防止了催化剂中毒或失活。此外,氮基原料体系主要包括氨分解制氢和尿素废水制氢。尿素废水制氢通过光热催化技术,利用废水中的水和尿素,实现了双氢源制取氢气的反应路径,同时还有利于解决废水处理的问题。在我国能源转型的趋势下,全光谱太阳能光热催化制氢以其氢气来源广泛,反应条件温和,产氢性能高的特点,有望成为一种重要的绿色制氢技术。

Solar hydrogen production is one of the key technological approaches for the vigorous development and utilization of renewableenergy in China under the backdrop of the “carbon peak and neutrality” goals. Full-spectrum solar photothermalcatalytic hydrogenproduction,as a novel green hydrogen generation technology,leverages the synergistic advantages of photocatalysis and thermal catalysisto efficiently drive hydrogen production reactions under relatively mild conditions,achieving comprehensive utilization of full-spectrumsolar energy. Currently,this technology has demonstrated significant development potential across various hydrogen production systems.However,there are significant differences in the photothermal catalytic mechanisms and hydrogen production efficiencies across varioushydrogen generation systems,which urgently require further systematic organization and integration. Hence,recent advances in relevantresearch both domestically and internationally are reviewed in this paper. The solar photothermocatalytic hydrogen production technology of different hydrogen source systems(water systems, carbon-based fuel systems, and nitrogen-based raw material systems) iscomprehensively reviewed and categorized. In addition, the mechanisms, performance advantages, and technical characteristics ofphotothermocatalysis are emphatically summarized. Specifically, photothermaocatalytic hydrogen production systems from water arecategorized into two approaches: freshwater-based hydrogen production and seawater-based hydrogen production. The promotion ofhydrogen production reactions and the enhancement of the full-spectrum solar utilization efficiency in photothermocatalytic watersplitting are due to the elevation of the reaction temperature and the acceleration of charge carrier migration and separation,which arefacilitated by the unique heterojunction structure or localized surface plasmon resonance effects of the catalyst. Photothermocatalytichydrogen production systems from carbon-based fuels are subdivided into hydrogen production from methanol, methane, and othercarbon-based fuels. The characteristics of the photothermocatalytic technology in this system are to reduce reaction activation energy,enhance the selective conversion of intermediate products, and prevent catalyst poisoning or deactivation. In addition, thephotothermocatalytic systems for nitrogen-based raw materials include hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition and from ureawastewater. Water and urea in urea wastewater are simultaneously utilized for hydrogen production through photothermocatalytictechnology, realizing a reaction pathway for dual hydrogen source hydrogen generation, while potentially solving the problem ofwastewater treatment. Under the trend of energy transition in China, full-spectrum solar photothermocatalytic hydrogen production,characterized by its wide availability of hydrogen sources, mild reaction conditions, and high hydrogen production performance, isexpected to become a significant technology for green hydrogen production.

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52176202)

关健,马荣,李东辉,等.全光谱太阳能光热催化制氢研究进展[J].洁净煤技术,2024,30(12):22−37.

GUAN Jian, MA Rong, LI Donghui, et al. Recent advances in full-spectrum solar photothermocatalytic hydrogen production[J].Clean Coal Technology,2024,30(12):22−37.