矿井水是一种重要的非常规水资源，我国煤矿矿井涌水量巨大，不同类型矿井水的处理是国家与煤矿企业重点关注的科学问题。基于314座煤矿矿井水水化学数据调研与统计分析，阐明了矿井水水质空间分布特征及成因机制：矿井水水质主要以高TDS、高悬浮物、高硫酸盐、高Na⁺为主要特征，酸性矿井水和重金属主要集中于云贵等部分矿区；水质成因与煤矿区所处地域特征密切相关，如干旱与半干旱气候条件、充水地下含水层水质、煤层硫分含量、围岩岩性、微生物作用、岩浆活动等因素等，采矿活动对矿井水质形成及演化影响的权重较大。全国煤矿矿井水水化学类型以SO₄−Na型、SO₄−Ca·Mg型、SO₄−Na·Ca型、HCO₃−Na型和HCO₃−Ca·Mg型为主。基于全国矿井水水质特征，阐述了现有矿井水地面处理技术与瓶颈，论述了现有井下矿井水处理工艺，并以“阻断、减量、保护”为主要污染防控思路，提出一种煤矿废弃采掘空间矿井水自然修复技术，通过过程减量，实现矿井水低成本井下处理与回用。然后，基于采空区位置选择、采空区储水空间计算、储水安全性评价、减量修复效果评价、减量过程水动力场−水化学场−微生物场演化特征和次生危害解决方案等问题构建了矿井水自然修复技术框架，并基于煤矿实例采空水水化学组分和微生物群落结构演化规律验证了矿井水修复技术的可行性，具有较高的推广应用价值。煤矿废弃采掘空间矿井水自然修复技术的构建能够降低矿井水处理成本，助力煤−水协调绿色开采，实现矿井水修复与资源化利用。

Mine water is an important unconventional water resource. The water inflow of coal mines in China is huge. The treatment of different types of mine water is a key scientific issue for both the government and coal mining enterprises. Based on the investigation and statistical analysis of water chemistry data from 314 coal mines, the spatial distribution characteristics and causal mechanisms of mine water quality were elucidated. Mine water quality is mainly characterized by high TDS, high suspended solids, high sulfate, and high Na⁺, while acidic mine water and heavy metals are mainly concentrated in some mining areas such as Yunnan and Guizhou; The causes of water quality are closely related to the geographical characteristics of coal mining areas, such as arid and semi-arid climate conditions, water quality of water filled underground aquifers, sulfur content of coal seams, rock lithology, microbial activity, magmatic activity, and other factors. Mining activities have a significant impact on the formation and evolution of mine water quality. The hydrochemical types of mine water across the country are primarily SO₄−Na, SO₄−Ca·Mg, SO₄−Na·Ca, HCO₃−Na, and HCO₃−Ca·Mg. Based on the national mine water quality characteristic, the study discusses existing surface treatment technologies for mine water, their limitations, and current underground treatment methods. A novel mine water natural remediation technology for abandoned mining spaces is proposed, focusing on the “block, reduce, and protect” approach to pollution control. The technology aims to achieve low-cost underground treatment and reuse of mine water through process reduction. The study further constructs a technical framework based on key scientific issues, including the selection of mining void locations, calculation of storage space in the mining area, safety evaluation of water storage, and evaluation of the reduction and remediation effects. A multi-field evolution model, incorporating hydrodynamics, water chemistry, and microbial dynamics, is established to support the remediation process.The feasibility of this mine water remediation technology is verified based on chemical compositions of water and microbial community evolution in real coal mine examples. The results show that the proposed technology can effectively reduce treatment costs, promote coordinated coal-water sustainable development, and enable the remediation and resource utilization of mine water, with significant application potential.