我国“三下一上”（建筑物、水体、铁路等线性构筑物下及承压水上）煤炭资源储量大，“三下一上”采煤是我国煤炭资源枯竭型矿井提高资源采出率，延长矿井服务年限及实现可持续发展的有效举措。在分析建筑物下采煤现状的基础上，阐述了源头减沉控损开采技术措施，主要包括充填开采、部分开采，协调开采及弱化建筑物变形环境的覆岩离层注浆技术措施等。结合我国不同地区对水资源保护的要求，将水体下采煤分为地表水下开采和含水层下开采，通过分析煤炭开采引起的覆岩破坏传递过程，提出了基于该过程的覆岩破坏充分采动程度判据及其高度计算方法，揭示了煤层开采覆岩破坏高度形成机制，采用地面钻孔观测及协调开采法成功进行了水体及坝体下等不同地质采矿条件下采煤，并针对西北高强度开采对松散含水层破坏特征进行了大地电磁探测，分析了采动影响下松散含水层破坏特征，揭示了松散含水层破坏机理并验证了大地电磁法用于探测含水层破坏的可行性。结合我国在“三下一上”采煤研究现状及进展，总结了煤层安全开采的预测方法及安全技术措施。研究认为我国煤矿“三下一上”采煤技术将以源头减沉控损开采方法，覆岩破坏控制技术及采空区稳定性评价及其利用研究为主，地下煤炭原位保护开采技术将是未来含水层下开采的发展趋势。

China has a large amount of coal resources that are difficult to mine due to buildings,water bodies,linear structure and confined water.Mining under building,water bodies and linear structure,and above confined water is an effective measure for resource exhausted mines to increase the resource recovery rate,extend the service life of the mines and achieve sustainable development in China.Based on the analysis of the current status of coal mining under buildings and structure,the source-controlled subsidence and damage mining method are expounded,including the filling mining,partial mining,coordinated mining,the measures to reduce deformation of buildings by grouting bed separation.By analyzing the transfer process of overburden failure caused by longwall mining,the criterion of the full mining degree of overburden failure based on the transfer process of overburden failure and its height calculation method are proposed,which reveals the formation mechanism of the height of overburden failure.The surface borehole observation method and coordinated mining have successfully applied to coal mining under water bodies in different geological mining conditions.In addition,the magnetotelluric detection were carried out to detect the destruction characteristics of loose aquifers in high-intensity mining,the destruction characteristics of loose aquifers under the influence of mining were analyzed,which revealed the destruction mechanism of loose aquifer and verified the feasibility of magnetotelluric method for detecting the damage of aquifers.Coal mining technology and safety measures of mining under buildings,water bodies and linear structure,and above confined water were summarized.Finally,the study forecasts that the development of coal mining technology under buildings,water bodies and linear structure,and above confined water in China's coal mines will be mainly based on source-controlled subsidence anddamage mining methods,overburden damage control technology.Underground in-situ protection coal mining technology will be the future trend of mining under buildings,structure and water bodies in China.

0 引言

1 建筑物下采煤

　　1.1 充填开采

　　1.2 部分开采

　　1.3 协调开采

　　1.4 覆岩离层注浆

2 水体下采煤

　　2.1 覆岩破坏高度理论分析

　　2.2 覆岩破坏高度现场观测

　　2.3 保水开采

3 铁路和构筑物下采煤

　　3.1 铁(公)路下采煤

　　3.2 高压输电线路下采煤

　　3.3 油气管道下采煤

4 承压水上采煤

　　4.1 承压水上采煤现状

　　4.2 采动底板破坏规律

　　4.3 底板突水预测方法

　　4.4 承压水上采煤安全技术措施

5 结语及展望