全球经济社会的迅速发展加剧了地下水资源危机和水污染问题，地下水污染风险评价成为污染防治与修复的关键基础。

系统总结了国内外相关研究，综述地下水污染风险评价理论的发展及其体系的建立。基于“源−路径−受体”的评价体系，归纳污染源荷载风险评价、地下水脆弱性评价和污染危害评价3个部分的不同研究方法。地下水污染风险评价已从最初的单一维度定性评估，发展为注重污染机理和后果的定量过程模型，并融合水文地球物理、地质随机方法和机器学习等现代技术，以增强模型可靠性。当前研究中的主要问题包括：污染源叠加效应解析不足、复合污染物在复杂含水系统中的动态迁移机制不清、受体风险评价不全面、模型不确定性较大等。不同污染物在多变地质环境下的迁移机制与过程研究，是亟需解决的关键科学问题。

针对矿区多源污染、复杂地质条件及半人工化生态系统，对矿区地下水污染风险进行精细化过程评价，是矿山生态治理和修复的重要基础。未来研究应重点关注以下几个方面：多源数据融合的全周期污染水文地质监测、复杂含水系统中污染物在自然与人为影响下的迁移动态及风险响应、跨学科的风险评价与决策等。上述研究将有助于提高地下水污染风险识别与预测的精度，实现地下水科学管理，保障水资源的安全与可持续利用。

Rapid global socio-economic development has intensified the resource crisis and contamination of groundwater, rendering groundwater contamination risk assessments critical to contamination prevention, control, and remediation.

Through a systematic summary of domestic and international studies, this study reviews the development of theories on groundwater contamination risk assessments and the formation of the theoretical system. Based on the source-pathway-receptor assessment system, this study presents a summary of the research methods for the assessments of contamination source load risks, groundwater vulnerability, and contamination hazards. Groundwater contamination risk assessments have evolved from unidimensional qualitative assessments to quantitative process models highlighting contamination mechanisms and consequences. To enhance the reliability of these models, modern technologies such as hydrogeophysics, geological stochastic methods, and machine learning have been incorporated. Primary issues in current research include the inadequate analysis of the superposition effects of contamination sources, undefined dynamic transport mechanisms of compound contaminants in complex aquifer systems, incomplete assessments of receptor risks, and high model uncertainty. Exploring the transport mechanisms and processes of various contaminants in changeable geologic environments has become a critical scientific issue to be addressed urgently.

Given the multi-source contamination, complex geologic conditions, and semi-artificial ecosystems in mining areas, conducting fine-scale process assessments of groundwater contamination risks in the areas serves as an essential foundation for ecosystem management and restoration of mines. Future research should focus on the full-cycle hydrogeologic monitoring of contamination through the fusion of multi-source data, the dynamic transport and risk responses of contaminants in complex aquifer systems under natural and anthropogenic influences, and interdisciplinary risk assessment and decision-making. This study will assist in enhancing the identification and prediction accuracy of groundwater contamination risks, achieving scientific groundwater management, and ensuring the safe and sustainable utilization of water resources.