我国将煤炭作为兜底保障能源的局面短期内无法改变，仍将长时间面临煤炭资源保护与煤基固废利用率低的难题。通过创新采掘方法，同时实现提高煤炭资源回采率、规模化处置煤基固废，为煤炭行业绿色可持续发展提供了新途径。在深入调研煤炭资源开采技术发展现状的基础上，提出了煤矿“掘−充−留” 掘进新工法。从大断面巷道快速掘进、连续高效充填和巷道安全留设3个方面，通过理论分析、数值模拟等手段，系统论述了“掘−充−留”工法的科学问题和关键技术，研究结果表明：① 针对大断面巷道快速掘进、掘进工作面围岩稳定性控制等工程难题，凝练了煤岩特性与掘进机截割参数匹配机制、覆岩载荷空间传递机制与围岩变形机理、锚杆/索−顶板相互作用关系及支护机制3个科学难题，构建了以掘进区地质环境超前实时感知、落−装−运煤多工序智能协同作业、钻锚支架随掘随支围岩时效控制和大断面巷道防漏风及通风优化为核心的技术体系；② 从大断面巷道承载体系及时构建及其承载性能调控两个方面凝练了连续高效充填的科学问题，包括充填体−煤层−锚杆/索协同承载机制、多元固废基充填材料水化固结机制，明晰充填体物理力学特性时空演化规律，建立了充填空间安全高效搭建、充填材料工作性能调控、充填材料流动−固结感知为核心的连续高效充填关键技术体系，相关理论与技术的突破可以为充填材料的原材料优选及配比设计、添加剂开发/选型及工作性能调控、掘进速率及充填步距优化设计、充填体固结监测等提供基础理论依据；③ 基于巷道安全留设及全生命周期内围岩易断裂、易片帮和易损伤等关键难题，阐述了巷道围岩应力场时空分布特征、巷道变形与损伤演化机制、巷道围岩工程质量监测与稳定性调控理论3个科学问题，形成了以巷道围岩稳定性智能预警、巷道围岩变形控制为核心的关键技术体系。开展煤矿“掘−充−留”工法的科学研究与工程示范，实现固废规模化处置−面间煤柱高效回收−顺槽快速掘进的协同，可以推动煤炭行业绿色低碳转型发展。

The situation of coal as the stabilizer guarantee the energy safety in China cannot be changed in the short term, and it will continue to face the problems of coal resource protection and the low utilization rate of coal-based solid waste. Through innovative mining methods, improving the recovery rate of coal resources and the large-scale disposal of coal-based solid waste, a new path is being paved for the green and sustainable development of the coal industry. Based on the in-depth research on the development status of coal mining technology, a new roadway excavation method of “excavation-backfill-retention” is proposed. This paper systematically discusses the scientific problems and key technologies of the “excavation-backfill-retention” construction method from three aspects: rapid excavation, continuous and efficient backfilling and safe construction of large-section roadways. The research results show that ① aiming at the engineering problems such as the fast excavation of large section roadway and the stability control of surrounding rock of heading face, three scientific problems are summarized: the matching mechanism between coal and rock characteristics and cutting parameters of roadway boring machine, the spatial transfer mechanism of overburden load and the deformation mechanism of surrounding rock, the interaction relationship between anchor/cable roof and support mechanism. The technology system has been built, which is based on the real-time sensing of the geological environment in the excavation area, the intelligent cooperative operation of the multi-process of falling, loading and transporting coal, the aging control of surrounding rock of the drilling anchor support together with excavation, the anti-leakage and ventilation optimization of the large section roadway. ② The scientific problems of continuous and efficient backfilling are summarized from the two aspects of timely construction of large section roadway bearing system and its bearing performance regulation, including the co-bearing mechanism of background coal anchor/cable, the hydration consolidation mechanism of multi-component solid waste base backfill materials, and the space-time evolution law of physical and mechanical characteristics of backfill are clarified. A continuous and efficient backfill key technology system with the core of safe and efficient backfill space construction, backfill material performance control and backfill material flow-consolidation perception has been established. The breakthrough of relevant theories and technologies can provide a theoretical basis for raw material selection and ratio design of backfill materials, additive development/selection and working performance control, excavation rate and backfill step optimization design, consolidation monitoring of backfill body, etc. ③ Based on the key problems of roadway safety and surrounding rock easy to break, sheet and damage in the whole life cycle, the paper elaborates three scientific problems: the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of stress field of roadway surrounding rock, the evolution mechanism of roadway deformation and damage, the engineering quality monitoring and stability regulation theory of roadway surrounding rock. The key technology system is formed with the intelligent stability warning of the rock surrounding the roadway and the deformation control of the rock surrounding the roadway as the core. It is of great significance to conduct the scientific research and technical demonstration of the “excavation-backfill-retention” construction method in coal mines, and to realize the synergy of large-scale solid waste disposal, efficient coal pillar section recovery and rapid roadway excavation, which can promote the green and low-carbon transformation and development of the coal industry.