为探究煤矿井下不同环境区域的微生物群落特征及其对环境因子的响应，以安徽淮南谢桥煤矿为研究对象，在涉及矿井水来源、形成和汇集全过程的8个井下区域(井筒、岩巷、煤巷、采煤工作面、采空区、水仓、砂岩水出水点和灰岩水疏放点)中采集了24份水样，进行水化学成分和微生物16S rRNA基因高通量测序检测，并利用多元统计等方法进行序列数据处理。研究结果表明：① 井筒水的水化学类型为Cl-Na·Ca型，砂岩水和采空区为HCO₃·Cl-Na型，其余区域均为Cl-Na型。在不同环境区域水体中，Na⁺、Cl⁻、${mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $、${mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $、${mathrm{NO}}_2^- $、${mathrm{NO}}_3^- $和Fe含量存在显著变化。② 井下水仓水中微生物的丰富度和多样性最高，而岩巷水中最低。24个样本共检测到55个菌门和621个菌属，其中Pseudomonadota、Bacteroidota和Nitrospinota为优势菌门，Hydrogenophaga和Pseudomonas为优势菌属。Pseudomonadota在岩巷水中丰度最高，在灰岩水中丰度最低；Bacteroidota在水仓水中丰度最高，在岩巷水中丰度最低；Nitrospinota在灰岩水中丰度最高，在岩巷水中丰度最低。Hydrogenophaga在各区域水体中的丰度均较高，Pseudomonas主要分布在岩巷水中。③ 该煤矿井下微生物群落结构和分布受pH影响最强，其次还与营养元素(如C、N和S)、Temp、DO、ORP、Fe、Mn和Sb等氧化还原敏感物质有关。④ FAPROTAX分析显示，该煤矿井下微生物群落普遍具有化学异养和需氧化学异养的功能。不同环境区域水体中的微生物群落表现出多样的生态功能，涵盖了从基本的代谢活动(如物质循环和能量转换)到复杂的环境修复过程(如污染物降解和水质改善)。这些功能不仅维持了煤矿井下水体的生态平衡，还在生态系统的调节和修复中发挥了重要作用。

To explore the microbial community characteristics and their response to environmental factors in different environmental areas of an underground coal mine, a study was conducted in the Xieqiao coal mine in Huainan, Anhui. A total of 24 water samples were collected from eight underground environmental areas involved in the entire process of mine water sourcing, formation, and accumulation, including the shaft, rock roadway, coal roadway, coal face, goaf, sump, sandstone water outflow point, and limestone water discharge point. These samples underwent hydrochemical composition analysis and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Multivariate statistical methods were employed for sequence data processing. The results showed that ① the shaft water is of Cl-Na·Ca type, the sandstone water and goaf water are of HCO₃·Cl-Na type, and the other areas are all of Cl-Na type. Significant variations were observed in the concentrations of Na⁺, Cl⁻, ${mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $, ${mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $, ${mathrm{NO}}_2^- $, ${mathrm{NO}}_3^- $, and Fe among the different environmental areas waters. ② The microbial richness and diversity were highest in the sump water and lowest in the rock roadway water. A total of 55 bacterial phyla and 621 genera were detected across the 24 samples, with Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Nitrospinota as the dominant phyla, and Hydrogenophaga and Pseudomonas as the dominant genera. Pseudomonadota had the highest abundance in the rock roadway water and the lowest in the limestone water; Bacteroidota were most abundant in the sump water and least in the rock roadway water; Nitrospinota were most abundant in the limestone water and least in the rock roadway water. Hydrogenophaga showed a relatively high abundance across all environmental areas waters, while Pseudomonas was mainly distributed in the rock roadway water. ③ The underground microbial community structure and distribution in the coal mine were primarily influenced by pH, followed by nutrients such as C, N, and S, temperature, DO, ORP, and redox-sensitive substances like Fe, Mn, and Sb. ④ FAPROTAX analysis indicated that the microbial communities in this coal mine exhibited general functions of chemoheterotrophy and aerobic chemoheterotrophy. The microbial communities in water bodies of different environmental areas exhibited diverse ecological functions, ranging from basic metabolic activities such as material cycling and energy conversion to complex environmental remediation processes such as pollutant degradation and water quality improvement. These functions maintained the ecological balance of underground water bodies in coal mines and played an important role in regulating and restoring ecosystems.