School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University

饮用水消毒是保障水质安全和公众健康的重要手段,自氯、臭氧等化学消毒剂首次应用于饮用水消毒后,在应对介水疾病传播和识别消毒衍生风险的过程中,消毒技术也在不断更新与进步。综述了主流消毒技术的发展与应用概况,包括氯、臭氧、紫外消毒技术的发展历程、应用比例与利弊分析;并详细讨论了当下消毒技术的最新研究进展,包括对传统消毒过程的再认识与创新利用和基于传统氧化剂、新型紫外光源、新型(纳米)材料、生物自身或代谢产物及其组合形式的多种新型消毒技术,如折点氯消毒技术、臭氧微纳米气泡消毒技术、基于新型(复合)波长或发光方式的紫外消毒技术、纳米线改性电极消毒技术、抗菌水凝胶消毒技术、基于噬菌体的消毒技术等。这些技术通过自由基氧化、光化学破坏、物理作用及生物机制等多种反应机制耦合互补,实现微生物高效灭活与消毒副产物等衍生风险的有效控制。为满足日益严格的水质安全标准,未来将聚焦于“理想”消毒技术的开发、新型材料/装备的创新利用、因地制宜的消毒方法选择,推动饮用水消毒技术向高效、环保、低成本的方向发展,进一步提升饮用水的质量和安全。

Drinking water disinfection is a critical measure to ensure water quality and protect publichealth. Since the initial application of chemical disinfectants such as chlorine and ozone, disinfectiontechnologies have continuously evolved to address the dual challenges of controlling waterborne diseasetransmission and managing the risks associated with disinfection by-products (DBPs). Ultraviolet (UV)disinfection technology is a notable example of this evolution. These advancements have been driven byincreasing demands for safer, more effective, and environmentally sustainable water treatment methods,in response to evolving health standards, urbanization, and public concerns over emergingcontaminants. This paper reviews the development and application of mainstream disinfectiontechnologies, providing insights into their historical evolution, application proportions, and theEnergy Environmental Protectionadvantages and limitations. We examine widely used disinfection methods employing free andcombined chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet (UV) light. In addition to reviewing traditional approaches,we explore the latest research advances and innovative applications of disinfection technologies.Emerging methods include breakpoint chlorination, the use of secondary disinfectants, ozone-chlorinecombined disinfection technology, and ozone micro-nanobubble disinfection. Novel UV-basedtechnologies are also gaining traction, such as UV disinfection with various or combined wavelengths,solar water disinfection systems (SODIS), UV side-emitting optical fibers (SEOFs), and UV lasersystems. Furthermore, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) employing UV light, nanotechnology-enhanced systems (e.g., nanowire-modified electrodes), and nanospike hydrodynamic disinfection showsignificant promise. Additional innovative solutions include antibacterial hydrogel disinfection,atmospheric plasma disinfection, and phage-based disinfection technologies, each offering uniquemechanisms to inactivate pathogens while minimizing the risks of DBPs. These approaches leveragediverse and often complementary reaction mechanisms, including free radical oxidation, photochemicaldeactivation, physical disruption, and biological interactions, to achieve efficient microbial inactivation.Through the combination of such mechanisms, these approaches improve disinfection efficiency andmitigate risks such as the formation of harmful DBPs, which are a growing concern with conventionalmethods. By integrating these technologies, the ability to simultaneously inactivate pathogens andmitigate harmful by-products can be significantly enhanced. To meet the increasingly stringent waterquality standards, future research is recommended to prioritize the development of "ideal" disinfectiontechnologies featured by high efficacy, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Thisincludes innovating new materials and equipment and tailoring disinfection methods to local conditionsand water characteristics. Interdisciplinary collaboration will be crucial in advancing both theoreticaland practical aspects of disinfection. Collectively, these advancements will push drinking waterdisinfection technologies toward safer and more sustainable practices, significantly enhancing theoverall quality and safety of drinking water worldwide.

国家自然科学基金资助项目(52400253)

曾韵乔,张天阳,曾超,等.饮用水消毒研究进展:从氯消毒到新型技术的应用[J].能源环境保护,2025,39(1):48−59.

ZENG Yunqiao, ZHANG Tianyang, ZENG Chao, et al. Research Updates on Drinking Water Disinfection:From Conventional Chlorine-Based Disinfection to Novel Technologies[J]. Energy Environmental Protection,2025, 39(1): 48−59.