随着我国煤炭开发战略西移,近20 a来毛乌素沙漠与黄土高原接壤区成为我国重要的煤炭产地。区内水资源整体匮乏、生态环境脆弱,泉作为珍贵地下水资源的显现和生态、生产、生活用水的主要来源,具有重要存在意义。在1994年、2015年两次对比观测研究区2 580处泉点水文和生态的基础上,依据研究区旱季泉点补给源对泉点进行了分类,分析了泉的天然赋存特征,并结合煤炭开采影响剖析了泉点演化机理及生态效应,预测了泉点未来演化趋势。研究结果表明:依据不同旱季泉点补给源可将泉点分为3种类型,即沙地入渗补给泉点、黄土入渗补给泉点和混合入渗补给泉点。沙地入渗补给泉点单个涌水量大于10 L/s的泉数量最多,混合入渗补给泉点总体数量最多,黄土入渗补给泉点生态效应最显著。1994年前调查区分布有泉(群)2 580处,总流量为4 997.059 7 L/s。2015年残存泉(群)376处,总流量996.392 L/s,混合入渗补给泉点受含隔水层结构损坏和侧向补给截断影响大量消失是近20 a泉点大量衰减的主要原因。未来开采区主要是沙地入渗补给泉点,该区域煤炭开采含隔水层结构稳定,多受采动沉降和含水层越流影响,泉点会在波动后趋于平稳。煤炭高强度开采泉群的减少使得研究区水体、湿地面积减少,直接影响了流域生态。

With Chinese coal mining strategic west shift in the past 20 years,the contiguous area of Maowusu Desert and Loess Plateau becomes an important coal producing area in China. In this area,the water resource is short and the ecological environment is fragile. Springs,as the precious groundwater resources and the main water source for ecolo- gy,production and living,is of great significance. Based on the hydrology and ecology observation of 2 580 springs in 1996 and 2016,springs had been classified by recharge source in dry season. The springs natural characteristics had been analyzed,as well as springs evolution and ecological effect combined with the influence of coal mining. And the trend of springs evolution had been predicted. The results show that springs are divided into 3 types by recharge source in dry season,including sand infiltration recharge spring,loess infiltration recharge spring and combined infiltration re- charge spring. When the spring single flow is greater than 10 L / s,the numbers of sand infiltration recharge spring is the most. And the total numbers of combined infiltration recharge spring is the most. The ecological effect of loess infil- tration recharge spring is most significant. Before 1994,there were 2 580 springs ( groups) in the survey area,with a total flow of 4 997. 059 7 L / s. In 2015,there were 376 springs (groups),with a total flow of 996. 392 L / s. The main reason for the large attenuation of springs in the past 20 years is that combined infiltration recharge springs disappear by structural damage to aquifers-aquicludes and lateral supply truncation. The sand infiltration recharge springs are distributed in future coal mining areas,and aquifers-aquicludes structure is stable in this area. The sand infiltration re- charge springs wave tends to be stable by mining subsidence and overflow of aquifer. With high intensive coal mining, the springs,water body and wetland area reduce in the study area,and the watershed ecological degradation is remark- able.