燃煤电厂排放的烟气中含有CO₂、SO_x、NO_x、重金属等污染物，显著影响了大气环境。传统的电厂烟气处理技术包括烟尘控制、烟气脱硫和脱硝等，存在工艺设备复杂、能耗高、处理成本高及二次污染重等问题，制约其应用。相比于传统燃煤电厂烟气减排技术，微藻固碳减排技术具有工艺设备简单、操作方便和绿色环保等优势。通过微藻固碳减排技术处理烟气时，微藻细胞可以通过光合作用固定烟气中的CO₂，同时吸收NO_x和SO_x作为生长所需的氮源及硫源，并能够吸收烟气中的汞、硒、砷、镉、铅等重金属离子，获得的微藻生物质可进一步转化制取生物柴油、乙醇、甲烷等生物燃料及高附加值产品，具有广阔的发展前景。本文深入分析CO₂、NO_x、SO_x等典型燃煤烟气污染物在微藻培养体系中的溶解、传输与转化机理及路径，系统探讨烟气污染物的微藻减排机理及其对微藻生长的影响规律。并根据烟气成分、光生物反应器结构形式、气液传质特性等对微藻生长、固碳减排的影响规律，综述了藻种筛选、光生物反应器、曝气方式等方面的研究进展及存在的问题，探讨了强化微藻生长及烟气污染物脱除的原理和方法，提出了基于燃煤电厂余热、余压综合利用的微藻烟气固碳减排及生物质采收集成系统，为燃煤电厂烟气的绿色减排技术的研究及应用提供指导。  

The flue gases emitted from coal-fired power plants containing various pollutants such as CO2,SOx,NOx and heavy metals, which significantly affects the atmospheric environment. Traditional technologies of flue gas treatment include smoke and dust control, flue gas desulfurization and denitrification,etc. Such processes are restricted by problems such as complicated process equipment, high energy consumption, high treatment costs and heavy secondary pollution. Compared with the traditional coal-fired power plant flue gas emission reduction technology,carbon fixation and emission reduction by microalgae is considered as a promising technology due to the advantages of simple process equipment, convenient operation and environmental protection. When the flue gas is treated by the technology of carbon fixation and emission reduction by microalgae, microalgae cells can fix CO2 in the flue gas through photosynthesis, and simultaneously absorb NOx and SOx as nitrogen and sulfur sources required for growth. Meanwhile, they can also absorb heavy metal ions (Hg, Se, As, Cd, Pb, etc.) in the flue gas to obtain microalgae biomass,which can be further converted into biodiesel, ethanol, methane and other high value-added products, which has broad development prospects. In this paper, the mechanisms and pathways of dissolution, transport and conversion of coal-fired flue gas pollutants such as CO2, NOx and SOx in the microalgal culture system were comprehensively analyzed, and the mechanism of microalgal emission reduction of flue gas pollutants and the impacts of flue gas pollutants on microalgal growth were also systematically discussed. Based on the effects of the composition of the flue gas, the photobioreactor structure and the gas-liquid mass transfer characteristics on the growth of carbon fixation and emission reduction of microalgae, the advances and challenges of microalgae selection, photobioreactor and aeration methods were reviewed. The progress and existing problems, and the principles and methods of enhancing the growth of microalgae and the removal of flue gas pollutants are discussed. An integrating system of the carbon dioxide emission reduction and biomass recovery of microalgae gas based on the comprehensive utilization of waste heat and pressure of coal-fired power plants are proposed.The integrated system provides some guidelines for the research and application of green emission reduction technology for coal-fired power plants.