露天煤矿开采对生态环境最严重和直接的影响是对水资源破坏与土地资源的挖损占压，对生态系统的种群破坏。西部干旱半干旱露天矿区生态重构的关键是水资源保护与利用、排土场土层结构重构、表土改良和植被优化组合。西部干旱半干旱露天矿区生态重构核心是研发露天矿区岩层结构与含水量探测技术，监测地下水存在的范围与边界。以水资源量为约束，构建排土场近地表合理的土层结构，实现重构土层保水与涵水动态协调供给。提出干旱半干旱露天矿排土场近地表高效低成本的表土生态层-涵水层-隔水层的三层土层重构结构模型，研发物探检测成套技术与装备，监测矿坑水来源、排土场土层结构与含水率，保证生态工程水资源有效利用。结合土地的生态承载力，对排土场重构生态进行功能分区与景观设计。开发新型微生物菌剂培养配方，揭示微生物改良土壤及抗逆境机理，形成较好的有机生物立体生态重构模式，可产生较好的经济、生态和社会效益，促进矿区绿色可持续发展。通过对西部干旱半干旱露天矿区及其周边环境动态观测，在生态条件差的地区，人工干预能有效地打破原始生态禁锢，刺激生态正向发展，获得西部干旱半干旱露天矿区自然与人工生态协调发育规律。解豁了科技界担心大规模的煤炭开发使西部干旱半干旱地区的生态环境进一步恶化，造成“雪上加霜”效应的难题。同时针对西部干旱半干旱区露天矿排土场重构土壤的结构差、肥力低、植物种类单一，重构生态难的现状，采用微生物-植物联合修复技术，研发多型号生物修复菌剂和基质，有效地促进了植物根系发育，增强了植物抗土壤压实、养分贫瘠、干旱缺水及易盐碱化等逆境的生理生化反应，人工干预重构后的生态环境比原生态效应提高10倍以上。实践了西部露天煤矿区既要金山银山，再造绿水青山的生态理念。

The most serious and direct impact of open-pit coal mining on the ecological environment is the destruction of water resources and land resources,as well as the destruction of species in the ecological system.The key to ecological reconstruction of arid and semi-arid dumps is to develop the detection technology of rock structure and water content,in which monitor the range and boundary of underground water.Based on the constraints of water resources,a reasonable soil layer structure of the dump was constructed to obtain the dynamic characteristics of soil water retention and culvert.A three-layer sponge structure model for mining ecological environment reconstruction was proposed and implemented,including topsoil ecological layer,culvert layer and waterproof layer.Through research the geophysical detection technology and equipment,the source of mine water,soil structure and moisture content of the dump were monitored,so as to ensure the effective utilization of ecological engineering water resources.Combined with the ecological capacity of the land,the functional zoning and landscape design of the reconstruction ecology of the dump were carried out.Meanwhile,the development of new microbial culture formula has formed a better organic biological three-dimensional ecological reconstruction combination mode,which has produced better economic,ecological and social benefits,promoted the green and sustainable development of the mining area.Through the dynamic observation of arid and semi-arid open-pit mining areas and their surrounding environment,the artificial intervention can effectively break the confinement of primitive ecology,stimulated the positive development of ecology and obtained the coordinated development law of natural and artificial ecology.It solves the scientific concern that a large-scale coal exploitation will further worsen the ecological environment in arid and semi-arid areas in western China,resulting in the“worse”effect.The open-pit dumps had poor soil structure,low soil fertility,single plant composition,and difficult ecological reconstruction.Therefore,the research and development of multiple types of biological agents and substrates can effectively promote the development of plant roots,enhance the resistance of plants to soil compaction,nutrient impoverishment,drought,water shortage and salinization.The ecological environment effect after the artificial intervention is more than 10 times higher than that in the original state,realizing the ecological concept of not only maintaining“the mountains of gold and silver”,but also reestablishing “the lucid waters and lush mountains”.

1 干旱半干旱露天煤矿区生态重构研究现状

   1.1 露天采矿对植被群落与土壤的影响

   1.2 露天排土场土层重构对生态效应的影响

   1.3 排土场土壤改良对水土高效协同利用生态效应

2 干旱半干旱区露天煤矿与井工煤矿生态环境治理的差异及其关键技术难点

3 干旱半干旱区露天煤矿生态环境治理的主要发展方向

4 结语