陕北黄土高原生态环境脆弱，煤炭资源开发所引起的土壤退化不容忽视。选取陕北黄土高原神府矿区某煤矿的开采、治理以及自然3个区域进行实地调查采样，对比分析土壤理化性质，并运用基于熵权法的TOPSIS技术对土壤质量进行评价。结果表明:土壤中颗粒质量分数排序为砂粒＞粉粒＞黏粒，粉粒质量分数在开采区最大，随距离增加而减少，砂粒与粉粒呈相反的分布规律，黏粒变化不大且质量分数较少;土壤含水量随距离增加呈整体上升趋势，在开采区边缘附近变化较大;土壤整体呈碱性，pH在开采区最低，随距离变化波动较大;电导率在开采区最高，随距离增加呈下降趋势;土壤中的有机质、全氮和有效磷质量分数随距离增加在波动中呈上升趋势，均在自然区达到了最大值;速效钾的质量分数在开采区最高，随距离增加逐渐减少。开采区的土壤质量较差，治理区的土壤质量有所改善，但与自然区相比还需要进一步提升。煤矿在开采过程中，对土壤扰动较大，虽然通过土壤基质提高、植被种植的方式可以改善土壤的理化性质，但土壤经过扰动后再恢复到之前的状态需要比较长的周期进行治理。矿区的生态治理要结合当地自然条件，与区域环境特征相适应，依据“因地制宜、分类施策”的原则，统筹谋划，采取环境可持续的方式进行治理，实现生态环境保护与煤炭资源高质量发展。

The ecological environment of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi is very fragile,and the soil degradation caused by the development of coal resources cannot be ignored.This paper selects three areas of mining,treatment and nature of a coal mine in the Shenfu Mining Area of the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi to conduct field investigation and sampling,compare and analyze the physicochemical properties of soil.The experiment uses the TOPSIS technology based on the entropy weight method to evaluate the soil quality.The results indicate that:soil particle content is ranked as sand> silt> clay.The powder content is the largest in the mining area and decreases with the increase of distance,but sand and silt have the opposite distribution pattern.Research shows that the clay grains have little change and less content.The test indicates that the soil moisture content has an overall upward trend with the increase of distance,and changes greatly near the edge of the mining area.The overall soil is alkaline,the pH value is the lowest in the mining area,and fluctuates greatly with distance,while the electrical conductivity is the highest in the mining area,and shows a downward trend with increasing distance.The results show that soil organic matter,total nitrogen and available phosphorus increase with distance,and reach the maximum in natural area.The content of available potassium is the highest in the mining area and decreases with the increase of distance.The soil quality in the mining area is poor,and the soil quality in the treatment area has improved,but it needs to be further improved compared with the natural area.In the process of coal mining,the soil is disturbed greatly.Although the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be improved by improving the soil matrix and planting vegetation,it needs a relatively long period of time for the soil to be restored after being disturbed.The ecological management of the mining area should be combined with the local natural conditions and adapted to the characteristics of the regional environment.Measures should be based on the principle of “adapting measures to local conditions and categorizing policies”,plan should be made comprehensively,and an environmentally sustainable approach should be adopted.Eventually,the ecological environmental protection and high-quality development of coal resources can be achieved.

1 材料与方法

   1.1 研究区概况

   1.2 样品采集

   1.3 测定项目与方法

   1.4 研究方法

2 结果与分析

   2.2 土壤化学性质的变化分析

   2.3 土壤质量评价

3 讨论

4 结论