我国能源结构以煤炭为主，石油、天然气对外依存度逐年升高，为了缓解能源供需矛盾和保障国家能源安全，我国煤化工行业正面临着新的挑战与机遇。基于费托合成的煤炭间接液化技术是缓解石油资源紧张和促进煤炭资源清洁高效利用的有效方法之一。费托（F-T）合成浆态床反应器后过滤系统会产生大量的固体废弃物费托合成渣蜡，其中含有40%～60%石蜡，长期存放易蓄热自燃，是一种相对危险的固废。目前对于费托合成渣蜡的处理方式主要是将其掺烧或掩埋，造成了极大的资源浪费及安全隐患。介绍了费托合成浆态床技术，费托合成渣蜡的形成及存在问题等。综述了国内外对于费托合成渣蜡回收利用的研究进展，分析对比了离心法、表面活性剂法、过热蒸汽喷射法、超声波处理法、萃取和热解技术对于回收石蜡的优势与局限性，提出了采用多种分离技术耦合可以在减少石蜡化学结构破坏的基础上提高石蜡回收率的思路。回收石蜡后的废白土可作为建筑、陶瓷、橡胶填料等再利用，或再生为新鲜白土用作染料吸附和漂白剂等。对废弃渣蜡进行资源化利用和无害化处理既可以回收优质石蜡，又可以缓解资源紧缺及环境污染问题。开发操作简单、利用率高、不产生二次污染且具有一定经济效益的综合利用路线，是费托合成渣蜡资源化利用的有效途径和迫切需求。

The main energy structure is dominated by coal in China,and the dependence of oil and natural gas resources on foreign countries has increased year by year. In order to alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of energy and ensure national energy security,there are new challenges and opportunities for coal chemical industry in China. The indirect coal liquefaction technology based on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is one of the effective methods to alleviate the shortage of petroleum resources and promote the clean and efficient utilization of coal resources. The post-filtration system of Fischer-tropsch synthesis slurry reactor will produce a mass of solid waste named Fischer-Tropsch synthetic wax residue,which contains 40%-60% percent paraffin. It is a kind of hazardous solid waste and is prone to generate spontaneous combustion of long-term storage. At present,the mian treatment of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis wax residue is only by mixing it with burning or burying it,which has caused a great waste of resources and security risks. In this paper,the slurry bed technology of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,the formation of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis wax residue and the existing problems were introduced. The research progress on the recovery and utilization of Fischer-Tropsch wax residue at home and abroad was reviewed. The advantages and limitations of centrifugation,surfactant method,Superheated steam injection,ultrasonic treatment,extraction and pyrolysis technology for paraffin recovery were analyzed and compared. It is suggested that the coupling of separation technology can increase the recovery rate of paraffin on the basis of reducing the damage to the chemical structure of paraffin.The waste clay after recovering paraffin wax should be reused as construction,ceramics,rubber fillers,etc.,or recycled as fresh clay for dye adsorption and bleaching agent. It is of great significance that harmless treatment and resource utilization of wax residue can not only recycle high quality paraffin,but also alleviate resource shortage and environmental pollution. The comprehensive utilization route with the advantages of simple operation,high utilization rate,no secondary pollution and certain economic benefits,is an effective way and urgent demand for the resource utilization of Fischer-Tropsch wax residue.

0 引言

1 费托合成技术与费托合成渣蜡

2 渣蜡特点

   2.1 渣蜡中石蜡的成分特点

   2.2 白土性质及脱色原理

3 石蜡的回收利用技术

   3.1 离心法

   3.2 表面活性剂法

   3.3 过热蒸汽喷射法

   3.4 超声波处理法

   3.5 温和萃取与超临界萃取技术

   3.6 热解技术

4 脱蜡废白土的回收利用

5 结语及展望