以CO₂地质封存为代表的负碳排放技术是实现我国碳达峰、碳中和战略目标的重要途径。煤层CO₂封存成本低，同时可实现煤层气高效采收，符合国家绿色发展理念。尽早布局煤层CO₂封存安全研究是保障我国碳达峰、碳中和目标的战略要求。对煤层CO₂封存技术发展现状和安全问题进行了梳理和分析，当前煤层CO₂封存仍处于示范阶段，规模化推广应用尚未实现。煤层CO₂封存安全性主要受封存地质体结构、地质灾害、工程扰动等因素影响，现有安全监测方法多以CO₂泄漏产生的某些环境效应为监测对象，缺乏对封存地质体自身安全性的监测。煤层碳封存全生命周期安全性存在诸多研究空白，严重制约着我国煤层CO₂封存技术的发展。针对现存问题，总结提出了应对煤层CO₂封存安全的4项关键技术，即煤层安全储碳机理与主控因素、煤层碳封存风险探测与安全评价方法、煤层碳封存全生命周期安全监测预警技术以及煤层碳封存风险应对与应急处置规范。通过上述4个方面的研究，有望构建煤层碳封存科学选址、安全监测预警以及规范应急全流程理论与技术方法体系，为我国煤层碳封存商业化、规模化奠定理论与技术基础。

The technology of negative carbon emission represented by CO₂ geological sequestration is an important way to meet the strategic goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. Coal seam CO₂ sequestration has low cost and can achieve efficient coalbed methane recovery, especially in line with China’s green development concept. It is a strategic requirement to arrange CO₂ sequestration safety research in coal seams as soon as possible to achieve the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. In this work, the status quo and safety problems of CO₂ sequestration technology in coal seams were sorted out and analyzed. At present, CO₂ sequestration in coal seams is still in the demonstration stage, and the large-scale application has not been realized yet. The safety of CO₂ sequestration in coal seams is mainly affected by the sequestration geological structure, geological disaster, engineering disturbance, and other factors. However, the existing safety monitoring methods mostly focus on monitoring CO₂ or some environmental effects caused by CO₂ leakage, and lack of attention to the safety of sequestration geologic body itself. There are many gaps in the research on coal seam carbon sequestration mechanism and whole live circle safety, which is the key factors restricting the development of CO₂ sequestration technology in coal seams in China. In view of the existing problems, we raised four key technologies, i.e., mechanism and main control factors of coal seam carbon sequestration security, risk detection and safety evaluation method of coal seam carbon sequestration, the whole life cycle safety monitoring and early warning technology of coal seam carbon sequestration and the coal seam carbon sequestration risk response and emergency disposal regulations. Through the above four aspects of research, it is expected to build the whole process theory and technology method system of coal seam carbon sequestration including scientific site selection, safety monitoring and early warning, as well as standardized emergency, which lays the theoretical and technical foundation for the commercialization and large-scale of coal seam carbon sequestration in China.

0 引言

1 煤层CO₂封存技术

   1.1 煤层CO₂封存原理

   1.2 煤层CO₂封存工程应用进展

2 煤层CO₂封存安全问题

   2.1 煤层CO₂封存安全风险

   2.2 CO₂封存安全监测方法

3 煤层CO₂安全封存关键技术

   3.1 煤层安全储碳机理与主控因素

   3.2 煤层碳封存风险探测与安全评价方法

   3.3 煤层碳封存全生命周期安全监测预警技术

   3.4 煤层碳封存风险应对与应急处置规范

4 结语