生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中具有高重金属浸出毒性并含有二噁英类物质，为危险废物，对环境危害十分严重，因此飞灰在填埋处理前须进行稳定化处理。通过介绍飞灰中重金属浸出毒性以及二噁英的污染特性，针对二噁英和重金属的处理，系统阐述了飞灰处理技术研究进展。根据工艺原理处理技术分为3类：物化分离、高温处理、固化稳定处理。重点阐述高温处理工艺，其中等离子体熔融技术可有效降解二噁英，且重金属固化效果好，产物具有良好的抗浸出性、环境稳定性，在后续建材利用中展现出良好的性能，等离子体技术也被认为是飞灰处理的有效技术，具有较大发展潜力和工业化应用前景。总结了目前具有发展潜力的垃圾焚烧飞灰处置技术，分析各个工艺的处置原理、研究现状和工业化发展前景，最后对处理技术存在的问题提出了改进方向，展望了发展前景。

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash has high leaching toxicity of heavy metal and contains dioxins, which is extremely harmful to the environment. It is designated as hazardous waste. Therefore, fly ash must be stabilized before landfill treatment. By introducing the leaching toxicity of heavy metals and the pollution characteristics of dioxins in fly ash, the research progress of the treatment technology of MSWI fly ash was systematically elaborated for the treatment of dioxins and heavy metals. According to the process principle, it is divided into three types of technologies: physical and chemical treatment, thermal treatment, and stabilization and solidification. The high-temperature treatment process was emphasized. Especially, the plasma melting technology can achieve high-efficiency degradation of dioxins, and the solidification effect of heavy metals is great. In addition, the product of the plasma melting technology has high leaching resistance and environmental stability, which makes it show a better performance in the subsequent use of building materials. Therefore, the plasma melting technology is considered as an effective technology for MSWI fly ash treatment with great development potential and industrial application prospects. The current treatment of MSIW fly ash with development potential was summarized, the disposal principle, research status and industrial prospects of each process were analyzed. Finally, the future improvements and development directions for existing problems were suggested.

0 引言

1 垃圾焚烧飞灰污染特性

   1.1 重金属限值标准与浸出毒性

   1.2 二噁英限制标准与污染特性

2 飞灰处理技术研究进展

   2.1 物化分离

   2.2 高温处理

   2.3 固化稳定处理

3 结语