双碳”目标下煤炭资源的加工和利用面临着根本性的变革，传统利用方式已不能满足当前的生态环保要求，而煤炭作为国家能源安全的基石，在未来很长时间内，仍将发挥巨大作用。我国超过40%的煤为优质的低阶烟煤，由于其惰质组质量分数过高（>35%），限制了这部分资源的高值转化。同时，由于煤岩显微组分之间的相似性及其赋存特征的复杂性，煤岩显微组分的分离富集工作面临巨大的难度和挑战，极大制约了这部分资源的分质转化利用。为全面了解煤岩显微组分分质利用的现状和发展趋势，促进煤炭资源的清洁高效低碳化利用，笔者从煤岩显微组分的测定方法、分选方法和清洁利用3个方面进行了系统论述，同时提出了未来发展的思路和方向。煤岩显微组分的测定方法面临细粒物料识别困难或测试精度低的问题，亟需开发一种基于煤岩显微组分结构参数，不受粒度限制的高效定量方法。在煤岩显微组分的分离方法方面，电浮选-电凝聚、油泡浮选和气流粉碎-精细分级等新分选方法，能有效改善传统分选方法选择性差、富集率低等问题，具有过程可调控、适应性强等优势。以煤岩显微组分分选为核心的煤炭分质清洁利用技术，打破了常规的用煤标准和煤种限制，煤岩显微组分经过有效的分离富集后，富镜质组煤可大比例应用于配煤炼焦、热解、液化等领域，富惰质组煤可作为制备碳材料的原料或燃料等，实现了各显微组分的物尽其用。基于煤岩显微组分的分质利用可从根本上提高煤转化利用能效、减少碳和污染物排放量，对于煤炭清洁高效利用，实现“双碳”战略目标具有重要的现实意义。

The processing and utilization of coal resources in the context of "Dual Carbon" target is facing fundamental changes. The traditional utilization methods no longer meet the current ecological and environmental protection requirements, and coal, as the cornerstone of national energy security, will continue to be played an important role. More than 40% of the coals in China are high-quality low-rank bituminous coals. During the process of conversion and utilization, they are faced with the problem of high inertinite (>35%), which limits the high-value transformation of this part of the resource. Due to the similarity between macerals and the complexity of occurrence characteristics, the separation of coal macerals is difficult and challenging, which greatly restricts the high-quality conversion and utilization of these resources. In order to fully understand the progress of development and utilization of coal macerals, and to promote the clean, efficient and low-carbon utilization of coal resources, three aspects, the determination, separation methods and clean utilization of coal macerals, were focused on. And the ideas and directions for future development were put forward. The determination methods of macerals faced the problem of difficulty in identifying fine-grained materials or low test accuracy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a high-efficiency determination method based on the structural parameters of coal macerals, which is not limited by particle size. In terms of separation methods of macerals, new separation methods such as electroflotation-electrocoagulation separation, oily bubble flotation and jet milling-fineness grading system can effectively improve the traditional separation methods with poor selectivity and low enrichment rate, and have the advantages of process control and strong adaptability. The coal differential processing and clean utilization technology centered on the separation of coal macerals breaks the conventional coal-use standard and coal type restrictions. After the coal macerals are effectively separated, the vitrinite-rich coal can be widely used in coal blending, coking, pyrolysis, liquefaction and other fields. Inertinite-rich coal can be used as fuel or raw material for preparing carbon materials. Coal quality-based utilization based on macerals can fundamentally improve the energy efficiency of coal conversion and utilization, and reduce carbon and pollutant emissions.

0 引言

1 煤岩显微组分特征及测定方法

   1.1 煤岩显微组分特征

   1.2 煤岩显微组分含量测定方法

2 煤岩显微组分分选方法

   2.1 手选法

   2.2 筛选法

   2.3 重选法

   2.4 摩擦电选法

   2.5 浮选法

   2.6 气流粉碎-精细分级系统

   2.7 不同煤岩显微组分分选方法比较分析

3 基于不同显微组分特性的煤炭分质利用

   3.1 煤炭热解

   3.2 煤炭气化

   3.3 煤炭液化

   3.4 配煤炼焦

   3.5 其他应用

   3.6 煤岩显微组分分质利用路线

4 结语与展望