基于国家碳中和背景，生物质作为一种重要的可再生资源，其有效利用至关重要。生物质热解制油具有规模化潜力，成为目前生物质利用的主要方式。生物质热解技术按照液化方式不同分为直接液化和间接液化，但生物质直接液化所得生物油组分不稳定，间接液化所得生物油品质取决于反应器型式、反应温度及催化剂类型等，不同制备方法的生物油品质差别较大，生物油改性提质成为其实际应用的必要条件。归纳比较了生物质热解过程中提高生物油品质的催化剂类型，着重综述了原生物油分离为轻质组分和重质组分后分别改性提质的技术路线，可转化为燃气、燃油甚至化学品，实现生物油的高值化。针对轻质油组分的改性方法有水蒸气重整制氢、催化裂解、加氢脱氧、催化酯化等，催化剂类型以分子筛及贵金属为主；而重质油组分水含量低、黏性大，相关提质研究较少，目前报道以加氢、裂化、酯化、添加溶剂、气化为主。生物油提质改性方法中，催化剂、氢源、耗能是限制其规模化、工业化应用的主要原因，降低催化剂成本及提高催化剂寿命、减少氢源使用或利用低成本氢源、简化工艺及降低反应温度是生物油提质技术发展方向。

Based on the national carbon neutral background, the effective use of biomass, as an important renewable resource, is crucial. Pyrolysis of biomass for oil production has the potential to achieve large-scale production, which has become the main content of biomass utilization. Biomass pyrolysis technology can be divided into direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction according to different liquefaction methods.The components of bio-oil obtained from direct biomass liquefaction is unstable, and the quality of the bio-oil obtained from indirect liquefaction depends on the reactor type, reaction temperature, and catalyst type. The quality of bio-oil varies greatly due to different preparation methods, and it′s necessary to modificate and upgrade the bio-oil for its practical application. The types of catalysts used to improve the quality of bio-oil during biomass pyrolysis were summarized and compared. The technical routes for the modification and upgrading of raw bio-oil after separation into light and heavy components were emphatically reviewed, which could transform into gas or fuel oil or even chemicals to realize the high-value application of the bio-oil. The modification methods for light oil components include production hydrogen by steam reforming, catalytic cracking, hydrodeoxygenation, catalytic esterification, and other processes. The type of catalyst is mainly molecular sieve and precious metals. However, the heavy oil component has low water content, high viscosity, and there are few related upgrading studies. At present, hydrogenation, catalytic cracking, catalytic esterification, solvent addition, and gasification are mainly reported. Catalyst, hydrogen source, and energy consumption are the main reasons for limiting their scale and industrial application of bio-oil upgrading and modification methods. Reducing the cost of the catalyst and improving the catalyst life, reducing the use of hydrogen source or using low cost hydrogen source, simplifying the process, and decreasing reaction temperture are the development direction of bio-oil upgrading technology.

0 引言

1 生物油的组成及特点

2 生物油提质改性研究现状

   2.1 热解制油过程的催化提质

   2.2 生物油轻质/重质组分提质

3 结语及展望