氨作为重要的化工原料,已有一百多年历史,氨化工为改善人类生产生活做出巨大贡献。然而,随着节能环保要求逐渐严格,新时代新发展方向为氨化工带来新挑战。介绍近年来各类氨化工新技术的发展,分别从氨合成、氨燃烧以及氨利用3个方面综述了氨合成及其清洁利用的研究进展。传统Haber-Bosch法合成氨过程会排放大量CO2,即便是最先进煤气化或天然气重整制氨工艺,也难以满足双碳目标要求。可再生能源制氢—Haber-Bosch法合成氨是可预见阶段中最有可能规模化应用的绿色合成氨技术。而随着电子技术及各种检测手段飞速发展,化学链、电催化、光催化、等离子体等一批新型合成氨技术备受关注,其摆脱了传统方法高温高压的反应条件,降低了生产过程中污染物排放,为绿色氨合成开辟新道路。与此同时,在碳中和背景下,氨以其储氢量高、理想燃烧产物清洁无污染等特性受到重视。氨通常需借助H2、CH4等燃料进行掺混燃烧或通过催化剂促进燃烧。我国多煤少气,氨与煤混燃也有研究,但其稳定燃烧及产物中NOx控制相对更困难。氨的化学链燃烧具有高燃烧效率、成本低、几乎不产生NOx等优点。此外,近些年氨制氢、氨法碳捕集、氨法脱硫脱硝等化工应用也稳步发展。氨制氢钌基贵金属催化剂产氢效率高,过渡金属催化剂价格低廉,将贵金属和过渡金属的结合也为其发展提供思路;氨法碳捕集技术能有效缓解温室效应,发展较成熟,但仍需优化;氨法脱硫脱硝可选择性降低烟气中SO2、NOx,氨/活性炭法、氨/电子束法及氨/脉冲电晕法均有较好发展前景。以上技术的发展进一步拓宽了氨应用领域,为氨化工开辟新方向,未来氨合成与清洁利用研究,还需引入更多可持续发展理念和科技创新,为绿色氨化工注入新的动力。

Ammonia, as an important chemical raw material, has a history of more than 100 years. Ammonia chemical industry hasmade great contributions to human′s manufacture and life. However, with the increasingly strict requirements for energy conservation andenvironmental protection, the new development direction in the new era has brought new challenges to ammonia chemical industry. The de⁃velopment of technologies in ammonia chemical industry was introduced, and the research progress of ammonia synthesis and clean utiliza⁃tion was reviewed from three aspects: ammonia synthesis, ammonia combustion and ammonia utilization. The traditional Haber-Bosch am⁃monia synthesis process will emit the large amount of CO2 emissions, and even the most advanced coal gasification or natural gas reformingammonia production processis difficult to meet the requirements of the dual carbon targe. The renewable energy produce hydrogen-HaberBosch process is the most likely green synthetic ammonia technology to be applied on a large scale in the foreseeable stage. With the rapiddevelopment of electronic technology and various detection methods, some new ammonia synthesis technologies, such as chemical chainammonia synthesis technology, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, plasma technology, has attracted much attention, which can get rid of thehigh temperature and high pressure in the traditional method, reduce the pollutant emissionand opens up a new way for green ammoniasynthesis. Meanwhile, ammonia has also attracted the attention due to the characteristic of high hydrogen storage capacity and combustionproducts pollution-free in the context of carbon neutralization. The fuels such as hydrogen and methane or catalysts are usually used to pro⁃mote ammonia combustion.Due to more coal and less gas in China, there are also studies on the co-firing of ammonia and coal, but its sta⁃ble combustion and the control of nitrogen oxides in products are relatively difficult. The chemical looping technology of ammonia has theadvantages of high combustion efficiency, low cost, and almost no NOx production. In addition, chemical applications such as ammoniahydrogen production, ammonia carbon capture, ammonia desulfurization and denitration have also steadily developed in recent years. Rubased catalysts for hydrogen production from ammonia have high hydrogen efficiency, and transition metal catalysts are inexpensive.The combination of precious metals and transition metals also provides a good idea for its development. Ammonia carbon capture technolo⁃gy can effectively mitigate the greenhouse effect, and its development is relatively mature, but it still needs to be optimized. Ammonia des⁃ulfurization and denitrification can selectively reduce the SO2 and NOx in the flue gas. Ammonia/ activated carbon method, ammonia/ elec⁃tron beam method and ammonia/ pulse corona method all have good development prospects. In a word, the development of the above tech⁃nologies has further widened the application field of ammonia and opened up a new direction for ammonia chemical industry. The future re⁃search of ammonia needs to introduce more sustainable development concepts and scientific and technological innovation on this basis, in⁃jecting new impetus into green ammonia chemical industry.

0 引言

1 合成氨工艺

   1.1 Haber-Bosch法合成氨

   1.2 化学链合成氨

   1.3 其他新型合成氨技术

2 氨的燃烧

   2.1 氨的掺混燃烧

   2.2 纯氨燃烧

3 氨利用

   3.1 氨制氢

   3.2 氨法碳捕集

   3.3 氨法脱硫脱硝

4 结语与展望