燃煤发电是我国能源安全的重要保障，但烟气中会排放大量CO₂，同时，也会产生大量粉煤灰。利用粉煤灰矿化封存电厂烟气CO₂，并将矿化产物进行综合利用，可达到大宗固废处置与CO₂长效封存的双重目的。目前，粉煤灰矿化电厂烟气CO₂技术仍存在矿化效率低、反应时间长、CO₂处理量小等不足，其对应的关键科学问题和技术瓶颈亟待解决。简要介绍了粉煤灰矿化烟气CO₂的基本原理，分析了不同反应条件对粉煤灰碱土金属离子浸出和CO₂矿化反应效率的影响机制，对比了CO₂直接矿化反应工艺、碱土金属预浸出工艺、CO₂预吸收工艺等3种流程的优缺点，提出了包含粉煤灰碱土金属离子高效浸出、CO₂矿化反应过程强化、粉煤灰矿化CO₂智能装备、矿化效果综合评价等方面的粉煤灰高效矿化烟气CO₂技术体系，总结了粉煤灰矿化CO₂产物的物理化学性质，提出了粉煤灰矿化CO₂产物高值化综合利用的构想。最后，凝练出了粉煤灰碱土金属离子快速浸出与CO₂高效矿化特性、粉煤灰矿化CO₂大型反应器中多相混合与反应规律、粉煤灰浆液矿化CO₂产物性质的调控机制等3个关键科学问题，指明了基础研究−关键技术与装备研发−工程应用全链条的攻关方向，为粉煤灰高效矿化烟气CO₂及产物综合利用提供了参考，对于双碳目标实现和固废综合利用具有重要意义。

Coal-fired power generation is an important guarantee for the energy security in China, but a large amount of CO₂ is emitted from flue gas. At the same time, a large amount of fly ash is also generated. The CO₂ mineralization by fly ash and its product utilization are able to achieve the goals of solid waste treatment and long-term CO₂ storage. At present, there are still some shortcomings in the CO₂ mineralization technology by fly ash, such as low mineralization efficiency, long reaction time, and small processing capacity. The corresponding key scientific issues and technical bottlenecks need to be addressed urgently. In this paper, the basic principle of CO₂ mineralization by fly ash is briefly introduced. The influencing mechanisms of different reaction conditions on alkali metal ion leaching and CO₂ mineralization are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of three processes, namely the CO₂ direct mineralization reaction process, the alkali metal pre-leaching process, and the CO₂ pre-absorption process, are compared. The key technology of CO₂ mineralization by fly ash is proposed, including the efficient alkali metal ion leaching, the enhanced CO₂ mineralization reaction process, the intelligent equipment for fly ash mineralization CO₂, and the comprehensive evaluation of mineralization effect. The physical and chemical properties of its mineralization products are clarified. And the utilization of its mineralization products is explored. Finally, three key scientific issues are summarized, including the rapid leaching of alkali metal ions from fly ash and the efficient mineralization of CO₂, the multiphase mixing and reaction laws in large CO₂ mineralization reactors, and the control mechanism of the mineralization product properties. The research direction of the entire chain including basic research, key technology and equipment development, and engineering application is proposed, providing a reference for the efficient mineralization of flue gas CO₂ by fly ash and the utilization of its products, which is of great significance for achieving the carbon neutrality goal and utilization of solid waste.