在碳中和战略背景下,氨(NH3)作为一种无碳燃料受到广泛关注,近年来在全面开展氨燃料燃烧基础研究的同时,也在多种工业设备上开展应用研究和工程示范。介绍多种应用场景氨燃料经济性的最新进展,综述了氨燃料在燃煤锅炉等燃烧设备中的应用研究进展,重点关注各类应用研究在克服氨燃烧性质较差、NOx排放高两大技术挑战上采取的措施,展望了氨燃料燃烧技术发展前景。工业应用研究表明,氨燃料可通过与原有燃料或H2、甲烷等高活性燃料掺混燃烧提高燃烧强度,甚至可通过预热、催化分解及富氧等措施实现单独燃烧;在各类燃烧设备中降低NOx最普遍有效方法是空气分级燃烧。内燃机中NH3较易稳定燃烧,但NOx排放偏高,控制NOx排放是未来工作重点。NH3燃料在燃气轮机的应用研究主要集中在数值模拟和少量小型燃机试验,实现NH3稳定、低NOx燃烧,但缺乏大型燃机工业研究。NH3燃料在锅炉上应用研究集中在煤粉锅炉中氨煤混燃,我国近期在300MW煤粉锅炉上开展最大掺NH3热值比为35%的工业试验。发展更高掺NH3比燃烧技术是该应用方向发展的重点。循环流化床(CFB)锅炉NH3燃烧技术具有独特优势,建议重点关注。

In the strategical context of carbon neutrality, ammonia (NH3), as a carbon-free fuel, has attracted great attention by the academic communities and industries. In recent year, extensive studies are conducted on the associated combustion fundamentals. In the sametime, several application researches and engineering demonstrations to burn NH3 in various industrial devices were carried out. Researchprogress of NH3 fuel utilization in coal-fired boiler and other combustion facilities were reviewed, and measures taken to resolve the two issues for NH3 combustion, i.e., the weak stability and high NOx emission were focused on. In addition, some prospects in future researchwere given. Strategical analyses show that for carbon neutrality, NH3 has certain economic advantages over hydrocarbon fuels such as natural gas. NH3 can be mixed with existing fuel or active fuels such as H2 and methane to increase combustion intensity, and can even besolely burned through preheating, catalytic decomposition, and oxygen enrichment measures. The most common and effective method to reduce NOx in industrial devices is air-staged combustion. NH3 combustion in IC engines is prone to stable, but NOx emissions are relativelyhigh. Therefore, NOx emission reduction is a key focus of future work. The application research of NH3 fuel in gas turbines mainly focus onnumerical simulation and a few small-scale gas turbine tests. Stable and low NOx emission have been achieved, but research on large-scale gas turbines is still lacked. The application research on NH3 fuel utilization in boilers focus on the co-combustion of NH3 with pulverized coals. China is active in NH3 -coal combustion research, has recently conducted industrial tests on a 300 MW coal-fired boilerwith a maximum NH3 to coal calorific ratio of 35%. More research with larger NH3 co-firing ratio are needed. Circulating fluidized bed(CFB) boilers are ideal NH3 combustion device over the pulverized coal fired boiler, and attention should be paid in the future.

0 引言

1 氨燃料在非锅炉设备中的应用研究

   1.1 内燃机

   1.2 燃气轮机

2 氨燃料在燃煤锅炉中的应用

   2.1 燃煤锅炉中的氨煤混燃技术

   2.2 氨煤混燃锅炉系统和性能模拟

3 循环流化床锅炉燃用氨燃料展望

4 结语