随着化石碳资源的过度消耗，导致CO₂等温室气体的大量排放，全球气候变化已经成为全人类面对的重大挑战之一，同时，煤炭资源开发利用过程中会产生大量的粉煤灰、脱硫石膏等含钙镁煤基固废。如何实现CO₂高效捕集与封存是当下面临的极具挑战性课题，粉煤灰、煤气化灰渣等大宗重污染工业固废的大规模综合利用仍亟待突破。在“双碳”目标下，利用煤基固废矿化封存CO₂是一项具有巨大潜力的高效应对全球变暖的策略，利用含钙镁煤基固废进行矿物碳酸化对于二氧化碳捕集与封存（CCS）以及固废的资源化处置都具有很大前景。然而，它的工业应用瓶颈依旧无法突破。综述了以典型煤基固废粉煤灰（FA）、脱硫石膏（FGDG）以及煤气化灰渣（CGS）为原料的CO₂矿化技术的发展现状，旨在探讨其技术局限性的原因。首先，简要阐述了煤基固废CO₂矿化的途径，揭示了煤基固废CO₂矿化反应过程和原理。其次，重点讨论了典型煤基固废的矿化潜力和工艺，明晰CO₂矿化过程中工艺参数对产物性能的调控机理。最后，总结了煤基固废CO₂矿化产物的性能并且利用全生命周期评估（Life Cycle Assessment, LCA）阐明矿化工艺的可行性及其对环境的影响。研究将对煤基固废CO₂矿化的工艺技术提供优化建议，以期推动煤炭工业的低碳转型战略目标。

With the overconsumption of fossil carbon resources, resulting in a large amount of CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions, caused by global climate change has become one of the major challenges facing all mankind. At the same time, the development and utilization of coal resources will produce a large amount of coal-based solid wastes containing calcium and magnesium, such as fly ash, desulfurization gypsum and other solid wastes. How to realize efficient CO₂ capture and sequestration is a very challenging issue nowadays, as well as the large-scale comprehensive utilization of fly ash, coal gasification slag, and other large-scale heavy polluting industrial solid wastes is still in need of a breakthrough. Under the goal of “double carbon”, CO₂ mineralization from coal-based solid waste is a potential strategy to effectively address global warming, and mineral carbonation of coal-based solid wastes containing calcium and magnesium has great prospects for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) as well as for the resource-based disposal of solid waste. However, the industrial application bottleneck of CO₂ mineralization in coal-based solid waste is still unable to break through. This paper reviews the current development of CO₂ mineralization from fly ash (FA), desulfurization gypsum (FGDG), and coal gasification slag (CGS), with the aim of exploring the reasons for their technical limitations. Firstly, this paper briefly elaborates on the pathways for CO₂ mineralization of coal based solid waste, revealing the reaction process and principles of CO₂ mineralization of coal based solid waste. Secondly, the mineralization potential and process of typical coal-based solid waste were summarized and compared to clarify the mechanism of the regulation of the process parameters on the product properties during CO₂ mineralization process. Finally, the performance of CO₂ mineralization products from coal-based solid waste was summarized, and the feasibility of the mineralization process and its environmental impact were elucidated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This paper will provide optimization suggestions on the process technology of coal-based solid waste CO₂ mineralization to promote the strategic goal of low-carbon transformation in the coal industry.