煤炭大规模、高强度开采造成的矿区地表沉陷、生态环境恶化, 以及建(构)筑物、铁路、高压输电线路损坏等开采损害问题日益加重, 资源开发和环境保护矛盾凸显, 控制地表沉陷实现煤炭低损开采是行业发展的必然要求。针对我国煤矿开采沉陷控制技术, 进行了系统分析与阐述, 包括充填开采、协调开采、部分开采、覆岩离层注浆开采等方面, 并详细探讨了各种沉陷控制技术措施的实施原理及应用方法, 分析了地表沉陷控制各项技术的优点、存在问题、适用条件及研究进展。在此基础上, 结合具体工程应用, 对覆岩离层注浆技术、充填开采技术、协调开采技术的地表沉陷控制效果进行检验, 指出了各项技术的局限性和发展趋势。研究结果表明: 覆岩离层注浆减沉技术具有与井下采煤作业相互干扰小、可实现煤矿绿色开采、固废资源化利用等优点, 正在被研究和推广应用。同时, 我国地表沉陷控制技术在以下方面需要进一步加强研究, 分别为低成本高性能充填材料研发和充填工艺优化、煤层开采地表移动变形规律研究及地表沉陷预测理论完善、高效的煤柱回收方法开发和煤柱长期稳定性提高、覆岩离层注浆工艺优化及浆液对地下水环境影响评估等。

The large-scale and high-intensity mining of coal has led to increased mining-related damage, including surface subsidence, ecological degradation, and damage to buildings, railways, and high-voltage transmission lines. These issues have intensified the conflict between resource extraction and environmental protection, making low-loss coal mining an essential requirement for sustainable development. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of coal mining subsidence control technologies in China, including backfill mining, coordinated mining, partial mining, and grouting bed separation. The implementation principles and application methods of these subsidence control technologies are discussed in detail, along with an analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, existing challenges, applicable conditions, and research advancements. Based on practical engineering applications, the paper examines the effectiveness of surface subsidence control using grouting bed separation, backfill mining, and coordinated mining technologies, highlighting their limitations and future development trends. The results show that grouting bed separation technology offers the advantages of minimal interference with underground mining operations, facilitates green mining practices, and supports the utilization of solid waste. Additionally, further research in China is needed in the following areas: the development of cost-effective, high-performance backfilling materials and process optimization; investigation of the surface deformation mechanisms during coal seam mining to improve subsidence prediction theories; development of efficient coal pillar recovery methods and enhancement of long-term pillar stability; and optimization of the grouting process for bed separation technology, while evaluating the impact of slurry on the groundwater environment.