Department of Energy and Power Engineering,Tsinghua University
School of Materials Science &Engineering,Fuzhou University

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)因其高发电效率、高燃料适应性、低排放优势备受关注。然而,现有SOFC采用固态阳极,直接供给碳或碳氢化合物等复杂燃料将导致电极内燃料输运困难、结焦、积碳、毒化等问题,一直是研究人员持续攻关的重要挑战。液态金属阳极是一类新型SOFC阳极,因其液态自修复属性而具有抗结焦积碳等特性,可实现碳与碳氢化合物燃料的快速稳定转化。本文首先对液态金属阳极的运行原理进行了简要介绍,并针对现有的几类常见液态金属电极的反应特性进行了总结,其中在SOFC常规运行温度(700~800℃)下,液态锑阳极对应的金属氧化物为液态,可以通过密度作用下的自然对流实现电极内部氧的高效输运,具有良好的反应特性,是目前转化各类碳基燃料最具潜力的液态金属电极。因此,本文重点归纳了固态碳燃料与各类碳氢燃料在液态锑阳极中的转化机制,并对液态金属阳极的催化作用与杂质耐受特性分别进行了综述。最后,面向液态金属阳极中金属-金属氧化物自循环造成的理论效率损失,本文通过热力学计算提出了一种基于液态金属阳极的自热重整策略,在此基础上将液态金属阳极SOFC作为一种气电联产的“电化学重整器”,并将反应生成的H2、CO等简单气体小分子通入下游传统SOFC中,实现能量的梯级利用,有望发展一种燃料适应性广、能量效率高的综合性发电技术。

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have attracted much attention in the area of power generation due to their high energyefficiency and low pollution emissions. However,when complex fuels such as carbon or hydrocarbons are used directly,traditional SOFCswith solid anodes face challenges such as poor fuel transportation,coking and carbon deposition in anode,which has always been a criticalissue that researchers continue to tackle. Liquid metal anode (LMA) is a new type of SOFC anode with self-repairing and anti-cokingand carbon deposition properties,which exhibits obvious advantages in the conversion of carbon and hydrocarbon fuels. This paper firstbriefly introduces the operating principle of liquid metal anodes,then the reaction characteristics of several common types of existingliquid metal electrodes are summarized. Among them,the metal oxide corresponding to the liquid antimony anode is in a liquid state atthe conventional operating temperature of SOFC (700~800 ℃),which allows for efficient oxygen transport within the electrodethrough natural convection driven by density differences. Therefore,the liquid antimony anode exhibits excellent reaction characteristics, which is the most promising liquid metal electrode for converting various carbon-based fuels. Then,the conversion mechanism of solidcarbon fuels and various types of hydrocarbon fuels in liquid antimony anodes is summarized,and the catalytic effect and impuritytolerance characteristics of liquid metal anodes is reviewed. Finally,considering that the metal-metal oxide self-circulation in the liquidmetal anode will cause theoretical efficiency loss,this paper conducts theoretical calculations and proposes an autothermal reformingstrategy based on liquid metal anodes. Based on this,the liquid metal anode SOFC is conceptualized as an "electrochemical reformer" forcombined gas and electricity production,then the generated H2 and CO are introduced into a downstream conventional SOFC,enablingthe cascade utilization of energy. This approach holds promise for developing a comprehensive power generation technology with widefuel adaptability and high energy efficiency.

国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流资助项目(22361142836);国家自然科学基金联合基金资助项目(U22B2071)

谷鑫,蒋一东,史翊翔,等.基于液态金属阳极的固体氧化物燃料电池碳基燃料转化与利用[J].洁净煤技术,2025,31(2):192−206.

GU Xin,JIANG Yidong,SHI Yixiang,et al. Carbon-based fuel conversion and utilization in liquid metal anode solid oxidefuel cells[J].Clean Coal Technology,2025,31(2):192−206.