煤矿酸性矿井水（Acid Mine Drainage，AMD）含有高浓度的重金属和硫酸盐，具有腐蚀性，对生态环境和人类健康构成持续威胁，已成为煤矿开采过程中广泛存在的环境问题。综述了煤矿AMD的形成机理、危害和水化学特征，总结了近年来传统的AMD末端治理方法，对比分析了国内AMD末端治理实际应用案例，介绍了新兴的AMD末端治理方法。深入讨论了传统的主动型（中和法、吸附法、膜技术）和被动型（人工湿地、石灰石沟排水法）AMD末端治理技术的反应机理、优缺点、应用实例，并对各种治理方法的适用性进行了评价。然而，这些方法仍存在一定局限性，主动型方法面临着化学品和能源的持续供应、维护成本高等局限性。被动型方法则受到治理周期长、系统需及时翻新等方面的限制。根据实际应用案例，总结了国内AMD末端治理方法的治理思路及优化方法。重点介绍了磁性纳米颗粒材料和与其他废水协同治理的新方法，为煤矿AMD治理提供新思路。结果表明：AMD末端治理仍需改进现有技术，全面开发新技术，提高AMD综合治理效果；仅依靠单一技术难以满足AMD治理达到排放标准，需根据优势互补原则，选择多技术协同治理的方法；在AMD治理过程中，可采用“源头减量+末端治理”思路提高AMD治理效果，提倡资源的回收和再利用，降低治理成本，对实现可持续治理至关重要。

Acid mine drainage(AMD) from coal mines contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates, rendering it highly corrosive and posing a persistent threat to both the ecological environment and human health. Consequently, it has emerged as a pervasive environmental predicament in the coal mining process. This review presents an overview of the formation mechanism, detrimental effects, and chemical characteristics of AMD in coal mines. Furthermore, it summarizes traditional AMD end treatment methods in recent years, analyzes and compares practical application cases of AMD end treatment in China, and introduces emerging AMD end treatment methods. The reaction mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages of traditional active treatments (neutralization, adsorption, membrane technology), as well as passive treatments (constructed wetlands, limestone ditch drainage), are discussed extensively. Moreover, the applicability of each treatment method is evaluated. However, these methods still have certain limitations. The active method is constrained by the continuous supply of chemicals and energy as well as high maintenance costs. On the other hand, the passive approach is limited by long treatment cycles and the need for timely system renovation. According to the actual application cases, the treatment ideas and optimization methods of domestic AMD end treatment methods are summarized. In order to address these challenges in acid mine drainage treatment within coal mines, this review introduces magnetic nanoparticle materials and a novel collaborative treatment method, providing a fresh perspective. The findings of this study highlight the ongoing necessity to enhance existing technologies and develop new ones to improve the overall effectiveness of acid mine drainage treatment. Relying solely on a single technology proves difficult in meeting discharge standards for acid mine drainage treatment; therefore, adopting a multi-technology collaborative approach based on complementary advantages becomes imperative. Furthermore, during the process of AMD treatment, the approach of “source reduction + end treatment” can be adopted to improve the effectiveness of AMD treatment, resource recovery and reuse can help reduce treatment costs while promoting sustainable management.