近年来，随着材料科学的迅速发展，自然储量丰富的煤炭资源成为高值利用的重要碳源材料。煤炭既有与其他碳源材料相似的高含碳量，又具有煤炭组分分子本身特殊的化学及丰富的分子物理结构特征，因此在煤基炭材料生成制备过程，由于高温、电磁场及氧化还原等强作用生成环境因素影响及材料分子特性结构定向制备需要，不同分子物理结构的碳原子可以实现多种杂化生成及选择自组装，从而定向制备不同杂化纯碳材料分子及杂化碳掺杂煤基炭材料。与此同时，不同型杂化碳原子建构了不同煤基炭材料的功能特性及应用领域，其中多孔大比表面炭材料具有重要理论及特殊应用价值。 研究了煤基碳源的多孔大比表面前沿功能炭材料生成、特性及应用。首先简介了不同杂化类别多孔大比表面煤基炭材料构成；重点揭示和归纳前沿热点炭纳米纤维(CNFs)及泡沫炭(CF)等煤基活性炭类、碳纳米管(CNTs)、石墨烯(Graphene) 及碳量子点(CQDS)等碳材料及碳/碳复合材料的转化生成规律及制备方法；结合多孔大比表面煤基炭材料结构特征阐述了相应物化、量子学、光电及材料等方面性能及相关基本指征；揭示和建构了官能团富集煤基炭材料的低密度、大比表面、优异的光电特性、生物相容及化学活性等特征信息。展望了多孔大比表面煤基炭材料在生态环境、生物医药、新能源及光电材料等方面发展前景。

In recent years,with the rapid development of material science,coal resources with abundant natural reserves have become important carbon source materials for high value utilization.Coal has high carbon content similar to other carbon source materials,and has special chemical and abundant molecular physical structure characteristics of coal component molecules.Therefore,carbon atoms with different molecular physical structures can be hybridized and self-assembled due to the influence of environmental factors such as high temperature,electromagnetic field and redox and the need of directional preparation of molecular structure in the process of preparation of coal-based carbon materials.Thus,different hybrid pure carbon materials and hybrid carbon doped coal based carbon materials can be prepared directionally.At the same time,the functional properties and application fields of different coal-based carbon materials were constructed by different  hybrid carbon atoms.The formation,properties and applications of the leading functional carbon materials with large specific surface and porous from coal-based carbon sources are studied.Firstly,the composition of different types of hybrid carbon-based carbon materials is introduced.Then,the transformation and formation rules and preparation methods of coal-based activated carbon,carbon nanotubes (CNTs),Graphene and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and other coal-based cutting-edge carbon materials and carbon/carbon composites were emphatically revealed and summarized.Based on the structural characteristics of coal-based carbon materials,the corresponding physicochemical,quantum,photoelectric and material properties and related basic characteristics are described.The characteristics of coal-based carbon materials,such as low density,large specific surface,excellent photoelectric properties,biocompatibility and chemical activity,were revealed and constructed.Finally,the development prospect of coal-based carbon materials in ecological environment,biomedicine,new energy and photoelectric materials is prospected.

1 煤基炭材料定向可控生成与结构性能

   1.1 煤基活性炭类

   1.2 碳纳米管

   1.3 石墨烯

   1.4 碳量子点

2 煤基炭材料科学前沿应用与展望

3 结语