循环流化床农林生物质直燃发电是农林生物质能源化利用的主要途径，在我国碳达峰和碳中和的战略目标下，产业发展将迎来更大的机遇，同时也面临更多的问题和挑战。为了促进循环流化床锅炉生物质发电产业的稳定、健康发展，调研了生物质直燃发电产业发展现状，梳理了循环流化床锅炉在生物质发电产业应用的技术优势，系统分析了生物质循环流化床锅炉的发展历程和关键技术突破。生物质直燃发电产业近年来在我国乃至世界范围内都得到了高速发展，“十三五”以来，我国生物质发电装机年均增长率约20.3%。循环流化床燃烧技术由于其特有的燃料适应性、较高的燃烧效率和较低的污染物排放，适用于生物质直燃发电，目前新建的生物质发电厂普遍采用高压和超高压参数循环流化床锅炉，部分先进机组带有一次再热循环。流态重构技术在生物质循环流化床锅炉上的应用，能大幅降低机组厂用电率，进一步提高锅炉效率；通过优化燃烧温度及风量配比，NOx原始排放得到有效控制；针对生物质燃料碱金属含量高，易于结渣沾污的问题，通过优化对流受热面，控制燃烧温度，可以有效减缓受热面沾污堵塞等问题，锅炉可用率大幅提高。目前限制生物质发电产业发展的主要因素包括运行成本较高、企业管控水平落后以及国家补贴的不确定性，随着生物质发电政府补贴的退坡，产业发展将受到一定影响。针对生物质纯燃发电经济性较差的问题，我国应发展小容量超高参数机组，包括超高压一次再热甚至亚临界机组，可以有效提高发电效率。随着碳交易体系的建立，燃煤耦合生物质直燃发电将得到进一步发展。

Direct combustion power generation of agricultural and forestry biomass in circulating fluidized bed is the main technical route of biomass utilization. Power generation with biomass will embrace great opportunities and face more problems and challenges under the strategic goal of carbon peak and carbon neutral in China. In order to promote the development of the CFB boiler biomass power generation industry,the development status of biomass direct combustion power generation industry were investigated,the technical advantages of circulating fluidized bed boiler in biomass power generation industry were combed and the development history and key technological breakthroughs was analyzed systematically. Power generation of biomass direct combustion has developed rapidly in China and the world in recent years. The average growth rate of biomass power generation installed in China is about 20.3% each year since the 13th Five-Year Plan. CFB combustion technology is suitable for biomass due to its wide fuel adaptability,higher combustion efficiency and lower pollutant emission. At present,high pressure and ultra-high pressure CFB boilers are commonly used in new biomass power plants,and some units are equipped with once reheat cycle. The fluidization reconstruction technology on biomass circulating fluidized bed boilers has greatly reduced the auxiliary power consumption rate of the unit and further improved the boiler efficiency. Through the optimization of combustion temperature and air volume ratio,the original emission of nitrogen oxides is effectively controlled. In view of the high content of alkali metal of biomass fuel,the problems such as contamination and blockage of heating surface can be effectively reduced by optimizing the design of convective heating surface and lowering combustion temperature,and the availability of boiler is greatly improved.The main factors restricting the development of biomass power generation industry were pointed out at present,including high operating costs,uncertainty of state subsidies and backward level of enterprise management and control.With the decline of government subsidies for biomass power generation,industrial development will be limited. In view of the poor economy of biomass pure combustion power generation,small-capacity,ultra-high parameter units including ultra-high pressure once reheat and sub-critical units should be developed,which can effectively improve the power generation efficiency. With the establishment of carbon trading system,power generation by coal coupled biomass will be further popularized.

0 引言

1 生物质直燃发电发展现状

   1.1 全球范围持续发展

   1.2 国内总量快速增长

2 循环流化床锅炉燃农林生物质的天然优势

   2.1 循环流化床锅炉主要技术特点

   2.2 生物质CFB锅炉技术快速发展

3 生物质循环流化床锅炉关键技术

   3.1 气固流化特性

   3.2 NOx排放控制

   3.3 受热面防积灰、腐蚀

4 面临问题及对策

   4.1 农林生物质发电成本高

   4.2 政府补贴退坡

   4.3 企业管控水平有待提高

5 结语与展望