“碳达峰、碳中和”目标为我国发电领域低碳转型科技创新指明了方向和路径，在全球能源电力行业创新发展的背景下，发电领域向低碳化、清洁化、智能化、电气化、市场化、国际化发展成为必然趋势。分析了我国发电领域在煤炭清洁高效发电、可再生能源发电、核能、先进储能、氢能等方向的低碳转型科技创新现状、存在问题以及未来技术发展路径。为适应以新能源为主的新型电力系统，我国煤电机组正由传统主体电源逐步向基础电源转变，但国内大部分机组按照基本负荷设计，负荷调节范围、变负荷速率等关键指标与国外差距较大，且存在老机组效率低、碳排放高等问题，未来还需加大灵活智能发电、超高参数燃煤发电、新型高效燃煤发电、碳捕集利用和封存（CCUS）技术的攻关；我国水电技术已实现全面提升，形成了全产业链的整合能力，还需在高水头大容量和超低水头发电机组、安全高效运行和智慧电站关键技术方面发力；我国风电技术从风机设计制造、风电场开发运维、设备检测认证到标准体系建设等方面进行了全面研究部署并取得突破，还需向大型化、轻量化、低成本风力发电方向攻关，推动新一代信息技术应用，提高关键部件国产化率；光伏发电技术基本与世界同步，高效、低成本是技术主攻方向，光热发电技术在系统设计、集成运行等方面与国外差距明显，还需开发大容量、高参数、长时间储热、低成本的光热发电技术；地热发电和海洋能发电处于基础研究或技术研发和验证阶段，仍需加大技术研发和工程示范；我国已拥有完整的核燃料循环和核工业体系，核电技术走在世界前列，但在基础技术、工艺、材料、软件等方面卡脖子问题仍存在，还需在先进核能系统、核能综合利用方面加强研究，坚持走闭式核燃料循环技术路线，持续改进核能利用安全性；当前我国储能正向“规模化发展”迈进，但储能产业距离整体健康发展仍有差距，储能技术仍需向安全性、长寿命、低成本、规模化方向发展；氢能已形成完整产业链，但氢气主要来自灰氢，未来发展与大规模光伏发电或风力发电配套的电解水制绿氢技术将成为重点。

The goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutral" points out the direction and path for the low-carbon transformation and scientific and technological innovation in China′s power generation field. Under the background of the innovative development of the global energy and power industry, the development of power generation towards low-carbon, clean, intelligent, electrification, marketization and internationalization will become an inevitable trend. The current situation, existing problems and future technological development path of low-carbon transformation scientific and technological innovation in the field of power generation in China were analyzed in the direction of clean and efficient coal power generation, renewable energy power generation, nuclear energy, advanced energy storage and hydrogen energy. In order to adapt to the new power system based on new energy, the traditional main power supply gradually changes to the basic power supply in China′s coal-fired power units. However, most of the domestic units are designed according to the basic load, and the key indicators such as load regulation range and load change rate are far behind those of abroad. In addition, there are still the problems of low efficiency and high carbon emission of old units. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the research on flexible and intelligent power generation, ultra-high parameter coal-fired power generation, new and efficient coal-fired power generation, and carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies. The hydropower technology in China has been improved in an all-round way and formed the integration capacity of whole industrial chain. However, it also needs to make efforts in high head, large capacity and ultra-low head generator units, safe and efficient operation and smart power stations. The wind power technology in China has made comprehensive research, deployment and breakthroughs in wind turbine design and manufacturing, wind farm development and operation and maintenance, equipment testing and certification, and standard system construction, and it also needs to tackle the key problems in the direction of large-scale, lightweight and low-cost wind power generation, promote the application of next-generation information and communication technology, and improve the localization rate of key components. The photovoltaic power generation technology in China is basically synchronized with the world. High efficiency and low cost are its main technical direction. The solar thermal power generation technology in China lags behind foreign countries with respect to systematic design and integrated operation, and it is necessary to develop solar thermal power generation technology with large capacity, high parameters, long-time heat storage and low cost. The geothermal power generation and marine power generation technologies in China are in the stage of basic research or technology research and verification, technical research and engineering demonstration still need to be strengthened in the future. In terms of nuclear filed, China already has a complete nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear industry system, and nuclear power technology is in the forefront of the world, however, problems still exist in basic technology, process, materials, software and other aspects. It is also necessary to strengthen the research in advanced nuclear energy systems and comprehensive utilization of nuclear energy, adhere to the technical route of closed nuclear fuel cycle, and continuously improve the safety of nuclear energy utilization. In terms of energy storage technology, At present, China′s energy storage filed is moving towards large-scale development, but there is still a gap between the energy storage industry and the overall healthy development, and the energy storage technology still needs to be developed in the direction of safety, long life, low cost and large-scale. In terms of hydrogen energy technology, China has formed a complete industrial chain, but hydrogen mainly comes from gray hydrogen. In the future, the development of electrolytic water to produce green hydrogen technology supported by large-scale photovoltaic power generation or wind power generation will become the focus. 

0 引言

1 煤炭清洁高效发电

2 可再生能源发电

3 核能

4 先进储能

5 氢能

6 技术发展潜力分析

7 结语