碳计量是碳交易市场稳定发展的基石，是国家制定碳减排政策的数据依据。燃煤电厂作为我国最大的碳排放源之一，准确量化燃煤电厂碳排放量对我国双碳目标的达成具有重要意义。首先，介绍了国内外碳核算标准及相关政策，欧美等发达国家发展较早，初步形成了各自的碳排放计量方法体系。美国火电厂主要采用实测法核算碳排放量，将相关技术标准和规范写入法规，规定25 MW以上燃煤机组必须采用实测法并上交温室气体强制性报告；欧盟目前的碳计量采用核算法和实测法并行，根据电厂碳排放量划分层级并规定不确定度要求，同时欧盟的碳交易市场发展迅速，为其他国家碳交易市场建设提供参考。相比欧美等发达国家，我国目前尚缺少完整的碳核算体系，实测法处于初步发展阶段，缺少碳核算数据库，标准体系有待完善。其次，基于核算法和实测法分别介绍了目前燃煤电厂碳计量的排放因子法、物料衡算法、实测法、生命周期法和模型法的发展现状，并对其优缺点和适用范围进行总结。排放因子法应用范围最广，计算过程较简单，但直接运用IPCC指南的排放因子缺省值计算我国燃煤电厂碳排放误差较大；物料衡算法利用碳平衡计算燃煤电厂碳排放量，但计算中间过程较多，需完整数据才可获得准确的碳排放量；实测法与其他计算方法不同，可直接测量烟气流量与烟气中CO2浓度，在我国政策推动下快速发展；生命周期法可加入电力生产阶段的上下游碳排放，故可扩大核算边界；模型法可直接预测碳排放量或元素碳含量，弥补关键核算数据缺失问题。论述了核算法和实测法数据对比现状，阐明核算法的主要误差来源为排放因子和净热值等数值的选取与测量，实测法的主要误差来源为烟气流量和CO2浓度测量，实测法的精度一般高于核算法。最后，从碳交易市场发展、不确定来源探究、碳排放政策法规制定等方向进行展望，以期为制定中国特色的燃煤电厂碳排放计量方法体系提供参考。

Carbon measurement is the cornerstone of the stable development of the carbon trading market and the data basis for the country to formulate carbon emission reduction policies. Coal fired power plants are one of the largest sources of carbon emissions in China. It is of great significance for the achievement of China′s dual carbon goal to accurately quantify the carbon emissions of coal-fired power plants. Firstly, carbon accounting standards and policies at home and abroad were introduced. Developed countries have initially formed carbon emission measurement system. Thermal power in the United States mainly uses the measure method to calculate carbon emissions. The United States has written technical standards and specifications into regulations. Coal fired units above 25 MW must use the measure method and submit a mandatory greenhouse gas report. The current carbon measurement in EU adopts both accounting method and measure method. Power plants are divided into different tiers according to carbon emissions, and different tiers have different uncertainty requirements. At the same time, the EU carbon trading market has developed rapidly, which providing a reference for the construction of carbon trading markets in other countries. Compared with developed countries, our country still lacks the complete carbon accounting system. The measure method is in the initial stage of development. At present, China lacks carbon emission database and carbon measurement standards need to be improved. Secondly, The development status of emission factor method, material balance algorithm, measure method, life cycle method and model method for carbon measurement in coal-fired power plants were introduced respectively. The advantages, disadvantages and scope of application were summarized. The calculation process of emission factor method is simple and has the widest application range. However, the calculation error of carbon emissions in China is large, if the default values of emission factors in IPCC guidelines are used. The material balance algorithm uses carbon balance to calculate the carbon emissions of coal-fired power plants. It has many intermediate processes and requires complete data to obtain accurate carbon emissions. The measure method is different from other calculation methods, which can directly measure the flue gas flow and CO2 concentration in the flue gas. It is developing rapidly under the promotion of China′s policies. The life cycle method can add carbon emissions in the upstream and downstream of the power production stage, so it can expand the accounting boundary. The model method can directly predict carbon emissions or element carbon content, which makes up for the lack of key accounting data. The research status of accounting method and measure method was compared. The error source of the accounting method is mainly the selection and measurement of emission factors and net calorific value. The error source of the measure method is mainly the measurement of flue gas flow and CO2 concentration. The latter generally has higher accuracy. Finally, the future research directions such as the development of carbon trading market, the exploration of uncertain sources, and the formulation of carbon emission policies and regulations were prospected, with a view to providing reference for the formulation of carbon emission measurement method system of coal-fired power plants with Chinese characteristics.

0 引言

   1.1 国外燃煤电厂的碳核算标准及政策

   1.2 国内燃煤电厂的碳核算标准及政策

2 不同碳排放计算方法

   2.1 排放因子法

   2.2 物料衡算法

   2.3 实测法

   2.4 其他方法

3 核算法与实测法数据对比

4 结语与展望